week 5

• Anthropometry


  Measurement and use of human dimensions
• Anthropometry


  • A branch of science developed from anthropology that is used to explain the physical dimensions of the human body
• Engineering anthropometry


  Study of measurements of the physical/dimensional human body in a static state
• Functional anthropometry


  Study of measurements of physical/human body dimensions related to activities or certain jobs carried out by humans
• Anthropometric concepts of use

  • Human centered design
  • Design optimization
  • Safety concerns
  • Health concerns
• Anthropometric applications


  • Design tools
  • Consumer products
  • Workplace
  • Interiors
  • Household appliances
  • Office equipment
• Percentile concept


  • Commonly used: 5th percentile, 95th percentile, 50th percentile (median)
  • Lower-limit dimension: smaller system/thing, less it can be used by large users
  • Upper-limit dimension: bigger system/object, less it can be used by small users
• Human body measurements


  • Stature (height)
  • Eye height
  • Shoulder height
  • Elbow height
  • Knuckle height
  • Height, sitting
  • Eye height, sitting
  • Elbow rest height, sitting
  • Popliteal height, sitting
  • Chest depth
  • Elbow-elbow breadth
  • Hip breadth, sitting
  • Weight
  • Thigh clearance height
  • Knee heights, sitting
  • Buttock-knee distance, sitting
• Anthropometric data
• Flexion


  Bending
• Extension


  Extending, straightening
• Adduction


  Movement toward midline
• Abduction


  Movement away from midline
• Lateral rotation


  Rotation outward
• Medial rotation


  Inward rotation
• Pronation


  Downward rotation
• Supination


  Upward rotation
• Prone length, height


  • Squatting height
  • Overhead reach
  • Thumb-tip reach
  • Standing forward reach
  • Standing lateral reach
• Primary area for personnel 1

  38cm x 12.8cm (5th percentile), and 44cm x 14.8cm (95th percentile)
• People's range of primary objects in front of them is 30o and every 15 degrees, the priority of the object decreases further
• For object height, the optimum is 20", shoulder level is 25" and the lowest is 15"
• Design for extremes


  Use one of the values from the distribution point (5th or 95th percentile)
• Design for average


  Use the middle value of the population distribution but the largest and smallest percentiles cannot be accommodated
• Design for adjustability


  Emphasis on the concept that all users are considered equal and objects can be adapted to the user's needs
• Anthropometric data is most often used to determine reach and distance dimensions
• The most frequently used benchmark values range uses the 5th percentile for women, distance uses the 95th percentile for men
• Accommodate as many user populations as possible with certain limits
• Variations in the use of percentile values

  • 5-95 – typical
  • 25-75 – less critical function or infrequent use
  • 1-99 – more critical functions (safety or cost considerations)
  • 0.01 – 99.99 – risk of severe outcomes
• Define the product/system to be designed, then determine the critical dimensions which influences the design by considering effectiveness, safety and comfort in using the product

  1. Determine body dimensions which related

  2. Select population the user will using the product or workplace

  3. Do benchmark study to obtain secondary data if possible or take measurements

  4. Select percentile
• Workplace Design


  • Determination of the height of the work surface from the height of the elbow of the arm
  • Adapt the work surface to the work being done
  • Provide a comfortable chair for the seated operator
  • Provides adjustability in the seat
  • Postural encouragement flexibility
• Workplace Design Guidelines


  • Provide anti-fatigue mats for a standing operator
  • Locate all tools and materials within the normal working area
  • Fix location for all tools and materials to permit the best sequence
  • Use gravity bins and drop delivery to reduce reach and move times
  • Arrange tools, controls, and other components optimally, to minimize motions
• Machine and Equipment Design

  • Take multiple cuts by combining or arranging devices
  • Locate all control devices for best operator accessibility and strength capability
  • Use a fixture instead of the hand as a holding device
  • Use indicator lights to get the attention of the worker
  • Display information appropriately
  • Use acoustic signals for warnings
  • Use shape, texture, and size coding for tactual identification
  • Use proper control of size, displacement and resistance
  • Ensure proper compatibility between controls and displays
• Digital Mock Up: Virtual Environment
• DMU: digital representation of a product during its entire life cycle
• Benefits of DMU


  • Reduce time to market since we can identify problems in the early design process and we can iterate seamlessly among design phases
  • Increase product quality by allowing sets of analysis conducted into our design (eg ergonomics analysis, manufacturing process analysis/simulation)
  • Reduce costs by minimizing the number of prototypes that need to be built
  • Allowing designers to create numbers of design alternatives before choosing one
• Ergonomics Analysis: Virtual Human

  • Needs to conduct a dynamic human simulation within specified environment (digitally), reducing prototyping & cost analysis
  • Anthropometric analysis, comfort analysis, biomechanical analysis
• What is the optimal dimension of emergency exit door so it can be accessed safely & timely by all passengers?
• Redesigned emergency exit that can fulfill our design objectives (anthropometrically & biomechanically)
• Need to address "the 90 second time frame" using 35 virtual humans & simulate an emergency exit process
• This study was undertaken with the aim of engineering an ergonomic chair tailored specifically for cobblers in the Malang Regency, taking into account anthropometric measurements, the Nordic body map, and the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment method