psychological assessment

• rating is a numerical or verbal judgment (or both) that places a person or an attribute along a continuum identified by a scale of numerical or word descriptors known as a rating scale
• rating error is a judgment resulting from the intentional or unintentional misuse of a rating scale
• leniency error (also known as a generosity error) is, as its name implies, an error in rating that arises from the tendency on the part of the rater to be lenient in scoring, marking, and/or grading
• Halo effect describes the fact that, for some raters, some ratees can do no wrong. More specifically, a halo effect may also be defined as a tendency to give a particular ratee a higher rating than he or she objectively deserves because of the rater’s failure to discriminate among conceptually distinct and potentially independent aspects of a ratee’s behavior
• We may define utility in the context of testing and assessment as the usefulness or practical value of testing to improve efficiency.
• We may define utility in the context of testing and assessment as the usefulness or practical value of testing to improve efficiency.
• cost in the context of test utility refers to disadvantages, losses, or expenses in both economic and noneconomic terms
• benefit refers to profits, gains, or advantages
• A utility analysis may be broadly defined as a family of techniques that entail a cost–benefit analysis designed to yield information relevant to a decision about the usefulness and/or practical value of a tool of assessment.