Paper 2

• development gap: tourism in jamaica

  2.7 million population

  24% of GDP from tourism & provides jobs

  less space for residents homes & environmental issues
• development gap: causes


  historical - wealth produced by slavery went to europe (10 mil moved)

  economic - LICs sell raw materials to HICs which manufacture and sell for more money

  physical - diseases in hot climates affect ability to work and droughts such as those in malawi
• development gap: impacts


  health - child birth complication e.g 4 in 10 deaths are under 15 in LICs

  wealth - africa's global wealth is only 1%, but 4th largest pop... north america is 35% with lowest pop

  migration - 1.5 million economic migrants enter uk from syria - earn 5x as much
• development gap: reduction strategies


  investment - development of infrastructure (chinese hydroelectric funding in madagascar)

  industry development - multiplyer affect to create employment and start cycle (50% in malaysia services)

  tourism - natural landscapes (jamaica)

  aid - companies invest in development projects (oxfam and goat aid)

  intermidiate technology - tech. appropriate for country (irrigation in ethiopia building dam)

  fairtrade - guarentees fair price for farmers (ugandan coffee bean)

  debt relief - by G8 cancel debts of HIPCs

  microfinance - small scale financial support (telephones in grameen bank)
• development gap: using HDI


  life expectany, years in education and GNI/capita

  socioeconomic
• TNCs: shell in Nigeria

  • began exporting in 1956, 50 oil fields, 700k barrels/day, oil and gas = 90% of Nigeria's export income

  • use Nigeria because of larger market willing to work, raw materials (oil-rich Niger Delta) and cheaper labour
• TNCs: advantages


  • support growth of energy sector

  • direct employment for 65000 and 250000 indirectly

  • 91% of shell contracts to Nigerian companies
• TNCs: disadvantages


  • sabotage and oil spills cost billions (e.g bodo oil spill in 2008 - shell paid £55 mil)

  • impact on fishing, farming and environment

  • ogoni people tensions with shell
• aid: in Nigeria


  • every 60% live on 63p or less / day

  • represented $5bn of GNI in 2013

  • most gieven to health and population
• aid: impacts of aid

  • USAID provide support packages for orphans

  • NGO nets for life for education and malaria prevention
• NEE: nigeria context and importance


  • AFCON x3

  • 2011 & 2015 elections seen free and fair

  • 182mil population

  • 3rd largest manufacturing sector in Africa

  • supplies 2.5% of worlds oil
• NEE: changing links and industry


  • part of the commonwealth

  • crude oil exportations to usa and India

  • agriculture decrease by 10%, services increase by 23%

  • manufacturing sector accounts for 10% of GDP
• NEE: impacts of economic development and change

  • % of students in secondary school increased 25%

  • life expectancy risen to 53

  • soil erosion and oil spills more common (bodo)

  • 70-80% forests destroyed

  • industrial growth = waste desposal (5000 industrial plants)
• uk economy: causes of economic change

  globalisation - exchange of products and ideas made possible by improved transport and communications, government policy influence (45-79: unprofitable state run industries supported by government, 79-10: privatisation more widespread and derilict areas transformed, 10-now: rebuild manufacturing sector to rebalance economy)

  deindustrilisation - decline in traditional manufacturing industries and growth in tertiary and quaternary sectors (due to labour cheaper elsewhere, improvement in tech, countries competing for companies)
• uk economy: post industrial economy

  • service sector provides 79% of economic output

  • research employs 60000+ highly qualified people

  • lots of IT development as tertiary and quaternary increasing

  • secondary decreasing - down 45%
• UK economy: business parks

  • North Tyneside business parks

  • tescos, EE, HP

  • 1.1 mil pop. in area

  • 36% cheaper transport links - North East mainline

  • develop once decling area
• UK economy: science parks

  • Oxford science parks

  • west of London

  • bioscience and computer ware e.g Oxford genetics

  • easy M40 access

  • 2 miles from train station

  • lots of facilities e.g cafes and gyms
• modern industrial development sustainability

  • torr quarry

  • mendip Hills in Somerset

  • 8 limestone quarries - 2.5km² totak size

  • 200 acres landscaped

  • deepend quarry not widen
• pop. growth vs pop. decline: outer hebridies

  • lack of young people move away for better opportunities

  • aging population

  • services closing

  • geographical isolation far from UK's economic core
• pop. growth vs pop. decline: South cambridgeshire

  • lack of affordable housing

  • increased demand for goods and services

  • young people can't afford

  • increased traffic
• transport infrastructure


  ports - Liverpool 2, £400 mil, 1.5 mil containers

  airports - Heathrow expansion, create vital global links, 740000 flights/year

  roads- south west super highway, £15bn road investment strategy

  rails - crossrail creating 200000 jobs across London
• north South divide


  • caused by globalisation and deindustrilisation

  • £28000 in Hackney vs £16200 in Middlesbrough average salary

  • government spending £4000 more on london than west Midlands (because of its importance, but less than expected showing balance)
• strategies to reduce North South divide

  • northern powerhouse strategie - invest in transport and education to move British economy further from South East to show North isna good place to grow business

  • LEPS - e.g Lancashire LEP - work with local authorities to identify business needs and encourage investment, 50000 jobs, £20 mil transport improvements planned
• uk global links


  • important trading links with EU

  • culture and television is widespread e.g Downton Abbey is watched worldwide

  • 15000km of Arctic fibre cables from London to Tokyo

  • Southampton major port for cruise liners
• UK economic and political links with EU/commonwealth

  • exports going to EU fell 10% from 2002-2019

  • 52% exports come from EU

  • allows citizens free to move between EU countries but not everyone uses euros and there is overcrowding/congestion

  • commonwealth - support democracy, development and peace
• world urban change


  • 60%+ in HICs living in urban areas

  • due to push and pull factors/natural increase

  • megacities forming (city with population of 10 million+)

  • predicted 50 by 2050
• london: location and importance

  • River Thames- today river and lowest bridging point

  • one of two leading world financial centers

  • uks largest and wealthiest city

  • HSBC, McDonalds HQ
• london: impacts of migration on growth


  • better cultural mix - 20% Asian, 37% white British

  • more 25-29 yo starting lives and seeking opportunity

  • equal/unequal development
• uk urban change


  • cities located in densely populated areas, mostly in the SE

  • due to physical: climate, land relief, coasts

  • human: trade, industry, transport
• london: urban change creates opportunity


  e.g Shoreditch

  • Bangladeshi Community moved out - old industrial converted

  • silicon roundabout w/ hi-tech companies

  • short walk to Canada water station

  • young professional workers move in
• london: urban change creates challenges


  e.g Newham vs Kensington

  • 43% VGH 58%

  • 7% >60000 26%

  • 20% benefits 5-10%

  • 62% 5+ GCSES 80%

  • 7% unemployed 5%

  • urban sprawl, rural urban fringe, commuter settlements
• london: transport and urban greening

  • crossrail reduce journey times to 30 mins

  • reading -> Abbey wood

  • cost £20bn

  • increased commutes into London

  • 47% city already green - preserve this through street trees and roof gardens
• london: regeneration project


  e.g London docklands

  • now canary wharf

  • bigger ships could no longer access

  • 40000 lost jobs in 1970s

  • 100000 new jobs created

  • docklands light railway

  • LDDC wanted to encourage private investment
• london: urban sustainability


  e.g east village

  • 10 hectares of parkland

  • Green roofs

  • 50% waterbuse and 30% energy use less than other urban areas

  • no own boilers and heat/energy produced together

  • fortnightly collections

  • book sharing boxes
• sustainable transport


  e.g freiburg

  • vauban area is car free

  • 'cycle and ride'

  • tram access

  • 9000km cycle paths