7-11

• Teacher-centered approach


  • Traditional or conventional
  • Classroom lectures
  • Presenting information to students
  • Students are passive
  • Formal Authority → Expert → Personal Model
• Benefits of teacher-centered approach

  • Order in the class
  • Being fully in control
  • Class benefits from a focused approach
  • Teachers feel comfortable, confident, and in charge of the classroom
  • Students always know where to focus
• Drawbacks of teacher-centered approach

  • It works best when the instructor can make the lesson interesting; absent this, students may get bored, their minds may wander and may miss key information
  • Students work alone, missing potential opportunities to share the process of discovery with their peers
  • Collaboration, an essential and valuable skill in school and in life, is discouraged
  • Students may have less opportunity to develop their communication and crucial thinking skills
• Student-centered approach


  • Students are active
  • Collaborative
  • Teacher as the facilitator of learning
• Inquiry-based learning


  • Facilitator
  • Personal Model
  • Delegator
• Cooperative learning


  • Facilitator
  • Delegator
• Benefits of student-centered approach

  • Shared experience
  • Collaboration and communication
  • Interested in learning
  • Work independently
• Drawbacks of student-centered approach

  • Noisy
  • Classroom management issues
  • Less focus on lecture
  • Not ideal for some students
• The flipped classroom


  1. Before Class: Students get acclimated with new concepts and terminology via digital media. Students may take notes and jot down questions for further discussion

  2. During Class: Students explore new concepts through learning activities including peer discussion and 1:1 interactions with the teacher

  3. After Class: Students continue checking for understanding of the concept through higher order application and evaluation
• Traditional classroom


  • Instructor prepares materials to be delivered in class
  • Students listen to lectures and other guided instruction in class and take notes
  • Homework is assigned to demonstrate understanding
  • Teacher moderates and regulates the flow of information and knowledge
  • Students are expected to continue developing their knowledge
  • Teacher is the main source of information
  • Instructor teaches on a face-to-face set-up
  • Involves curriculum delivered by a teacher in person
  • Standardized test are administered at regular intervals
  • Student's time, place, and pace of learning remain constant
• Flipped classroom


  • Instructor records and shares lectures outside of class
  • Students watch/listen to lectures before coming to class
  • Class time is devoted to applied learning activities and more higher-order thinking tasks
  • Students receive support from instructor and peers as needed
• Online education


  • The use of ICT such as LMS
  • Makes teaching-learning process as a student-centered
  • Broad concept that is hard to define
  • Synchronous Online Education: Live interaction, Teaching-learning where remote students participates, Classroom, media and conference
  • Asynchronous Online Education: Does not require students to attend virtual conferences, Flexible mode of learning, Gives enough time
• Blended learning


  • Combination of limited face-to-face and online education
  • Extends advantage of face-to-face
  • Aid of technological platforms
• Teaching


  • Art and science
  • Process of imparting knowledge and skills
  • Systematic process based on some educational objectives
  • To communicate the message of knowledge
  • Like fishing: you use different methods for different learners
• Teaching method


  • Way that a teacher adopts to transmit content to student
  • Way a teacher uses activities and learning objects for enhancement of learning according to objectives
  • Combination of techniques and activities
• Additional methods/strategies


  • Case study
  • Role-play
  • Group discussion
  • Jigsaw
  • Concept map/sketch
  • Debate
  • Cooperative learning
  • Brainstorming
• Selection of appropriate teaching method

  • Class level
  • Nature of the subject
  • Number of students
  • Size of classroom
  • Resources available
  • Time available
• Lecture method


  • A lecture is an oral presentation intend to present information or teach people about a particular subject
  • A politician's speech, a minister's sermon, or even a businessman's sales presentation may be similar to a lecture
• Lecture as a teaching method

  • Lecture method is the oldest method
  • Teacher role is very active in this method
  • Students are generally passive
  • Teacher is leader in this method
  • Students just follow the instructions of teacher
  • One-way communication
• Merits of lecture method

  • It is suitable for big classes
  • Cheap one
  • Time saving method
  • Oldest method yet a popular method
  • Teacher can present the content logically and with sequence
  • Teacher can make a better use of this if they are trained traditionally
• Demerits of lecture method

  • Students role is passive
  • Selected study, students do not make additional studies
  • Students feel boredom due to absence of activities
  • Lecture method is not suitable to teach science and professional subjects
  • It encourages rote memory
• Instructional/teaching methods vs instructional aids


  White board, handouts, props, pictures/video, audio, computer-based simulation, models
• Bookish learning


  • Deals with dissemination and temporary retention of information, primarily for passing tests and exams
  • Stimulates the lowest possible thinking skill - remembering; this, at the expense of higher order and more important thinking skills such as understanding, applying, creating, evaluating, and analyzing
• Jigsaw


  • A teaching technique invented by social psychologist Elliot Aronson in 1971
  • Students of a normal-sized class are divided into competency groups of four to six students, each of which is given a list of subtopics to research
  • Individual members of each group then break off to work with the experts from the other group, researching a part of the material being studies, after which they return to their starting body in the role of instructor for the subcategory
  • Encourages listening, engagement, interaction, peer teaching, and cooperation by giving each member of the group an essential part to play in the academic activity
  • Both individual and group accountability are built into the process
  • It is a four-skills approach: Reading, Speaking, Listening, Writing
• Cooperative learning


  • Each with students of varying abilities, use a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject
  • Each member of a team is responsible for learning what is taught, but also for helping teammates learn, thus creating an atmosphere of achievement
• Basic principles of cooperative learning

  • Positive interdependence
  • Equal participation
  • Individual accountability
  • Simultaneous interaction
• Field trip


  • Structured activity used outside the classroom for instructional and investigative purposes
  • Opportunity for students to see and experience an actual subject matter
  • Allow discussions that perhaps normally would not occur in the classroom
  • Include researching, planning, organizing, and then executing a field trip
  • Involves students in all aspects of the field trip to help raise interest level
  • Coordinate field trip with administration and field trip site to help students fully explore and understand strategy and further comprehension
• Pros of field trip instructional strategy

  • Great potential experience and excitement in leaving classroom for field trip
  • Opportunity to learn while seeing, touching, and feeling actual objects at field trip site
  • Opens door for discussion; before, during, and after field trip
  • Potential free lunch and bus rides to different towns or city
  • Will generate enthusiasm and renewed vigor about subject matter in class
• Cons of field trip instructional strategy

  • Potential that students will have no interest in the subject
  • Students will misbehave and unruly
  • Students will try to wander away from the group
  • Field trip as a whole may inadvertently damage field trip site property
  • Students will not follow-up on the fieldtrip subject matter on return to class
• Demonstration


  • Visualized explanation of facts, concepts, and procedures
  • Exhibiting and explanation combined to illustrate procedure or experiments
• Advantages of demonstration


  • Help students acquire knowledge, skill, and attitude
  • Stimulates all the sense organs
  • Motivates the learner
  • Helps to form mental image and lesson learnt
  • Helps in critical thinking
• Disadvantages of demonstration


  • It is teacher centered, small group teaching method but return demonstration is student centered
  • Good explanation and theoretical background is needed
  • It needs repetition as for better knowledge and for developing psychomotor skill
• Brainstorming


  • Group activity technique
  • Designed to generate lots of ideas for solution of a problem
  • Greater the number of ideas generated, the possibility that a quality solution will be found
• Writer's block


  • Common problem to students
  • When ideas for writing do not come very easily
  • Easy to get frustrated when beginning to write
  • Brainstorming activities can help you get ideas for your essay and help you be less frustrated
• Advantages of brainstorming


  • Many ideas can be generated at a small time
  • Requires few material resources
  • Result can be used immediately or for possible use in other projects
  • Is a democratic way of generating ideas
  • Concept of brainstorming is easy to understand
• Disadvantages of brainstorming


  • Requires experienced and sensitive facilitator who understand psychology of small groups
  • Requires dedication to quantity rather than quality
  • Shy people can have difficulties in participating
  • May not be appropriate for some business or international cultures
• Blended learning


  • E-learning is being combined with classroom methods
  • Independent study to create a new hybrid teaching methodology
  • In person classroom activities facilitated by a trained educator
  • Online learning materials, often including pre-recorded lectures from the same instructor
  • Structured independent study time guided by the material in the lectures
• Teacher centered philosophy


  • One of the most familiar
  • Focus on what the teacher wants their students to learn
  • Include essentialism and perennialism
  • Essentialism in Classroom: Strives to teach students the accumulated knowledge of civilization through core sources, Society has certain viewpoints and practices that the schools must pass down
  • Perennialism in Classroom: Recommend that students learn directly from great books, Prefer a past orientation because it tends to be based on historical truth
• Student centered philosophy


  • Learned by doing
  • Planning, teaching, and assessment evolve around the needs and abilities of students
  • Give students chance to use their abilities ad experiences to strive problems
  • Find new ways of learning
  • Progressivism: Build the curriculum around the experiences, interests, and abilities of students, Encourage student to work cooperatively
  • Social reconstructionism: Encourages schools, teachers, and students to focus on their studies and energies on alleviating pervasive inequities, Wants to not only inform their students but rose emotions
• Development stages of a learner

  • Pedagogy is the art and science of helping children to learn
  • The different stages of childhood are divided according to what developmental theorists and educational psychologists define as specific patterns of behavior seen in particular phases of growth and development
  • One common attribute observed throughout all phases of childhood is that learning is subject centered
  • The field of growth and development is highly complex, and at no other time is physical, cognitive, and psychosocial maturation so changeable as during the very early years of childhood
  • Because of the dependency of members of this age group, the main focus of instruction for health maintenance of children is geared toward the parents, who are considered to be the primary learners rather than the very young child
  • However, the older toddler should not be excluded from healthcare teaching and can participate to some extent in the education process