H.E EXAM

• Learning


  Process that brings together personal and environmental experiences and influences for acquiring, enriching, or modifying one's knowledge, skills, values, attitudes, behavior and world views
• Learning theories develop hypotheses that describes how this process takes place. The scientific study of learning started in earnest at the dawn of the 20th century
• Major concepts and theories

  • Behaviorist theories
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Constructivism
  • Social constructivism
  • Experiential learning
  • Multiple intelligence
  • Situated learning theory and community of practice
• Learning


  Relies on the acquisition of different types of knowledge supported by perceived information. It leads to the development of new capacities, skills, values, understanding, and preferences. Its goal is the increasing of individual and group experience
• Types of learning theories

  • Behaviorism
  • Cognitivism
  • Social Learning Theory
  • Social Constructivism
  • Multiple Intelligences
  • Brain-Based Learning
  • Humanism
• Behaviorism


  • It is confined to observable and measurable behavior
  • Learning is defined by the outward expression of new behaviors and context-independent
  • Biological basis for learning
  • Focuses on observable behaviors
• Behaviorism


  Focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior
• Types of behaviorism


  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant Conditioning
• Classical conditioning


  1. Stimulus presented to get a response

  2. Classical conditioning theory states that behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one

  3. Ex. Pavlov's experiments with dogs

  4. Ex. Warm and nurturing teacher makes students feel connected

  5. Ex. Harsh and strict teacher makes students feel bad
• Operant Conditioning


  1. The response is made first then reinforcement follows

  2. The cause of human behavior is something in a person's environment

  3. The consequences of a behavior determine the possibility of it being repeated

  4. Ex. Professor tells students no final exam for perfect attendance

  5. Ex. Teacher berates performance for late project
• Punishment


  Anything that decreases a behavior
• Reward


  Anything that leads to reinforcement
• Critiques of behaviorism


  • It does not account for processes taking place in the mind that cannot be observed
  • Advocates for passive student learning in a teacher-centric environment
  • One size fits all
  • Knowledge itself is given and absolute
  • There is programmed instruction and teacher-proofing
• Behaviorism in the classroom

  • Rewards and punishment
  • Responsibility for student learning rests squarely with the teacher
  • Lecture-based and highly structured
• Cognitivism


  • Grew in response to behaviorism
  • Knowledge is stored cognitively as symbols
  • Learning is the process of connecting symbols in a meaningful and memorable way
  • Studies focused on the mental processes that facilitate symbol connection
  • Humans learn from thinking, new experiences, and changes their behavior when new information is presented
• Cognitive learning theories


  • Discovery Learning (Bruner)
  • Meaningful Verbal Learning (Ausubel)
• Discovery Learning


  • Anybody can learn anything at any age, provided it is stated in terms they can understand
  • Powerful concepts (not isolated facts)
  • Only possible through discovery learning
  • Confront the learner with problems and help them find solutions. Do not present sequenced materials
  • Learners construct own knowledge by organizing information (coding system)
  • The best way to create coding is to discover
• Meaningful Verbal Learning


  • New materials is presented in a systematic way and is connected to meaningful way
  • When learners have difficulty with new material, go back to the concrete anchors (advance organizers)
  • Provide a discovery approach and they will learn
  • Learned knowledge is fully known by individual
• Critiques of cognitivism


  • Like behaviorism, knowledge itself is given and absolute
  • Input-process-output model is mechanistic and deterministic
  • It does not account enough for individuality
  • It has little emphasis on affective characteristics
• Cognitivism in the classroom

  • Inquiry-oriented projects
  • Provide opportunities for the testing of hypothesis
  • Curiosity is encouraged
  • Stage scaffolding
• Social Learning Theory


  • Learning takes place through observation and sensorial experiences
  • Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery
  • Social learning theory is the basis of the movement against violence in media and video games
  • People can learn by observing others
• Learning from Models


  1. Attend to pertinent clues

  2. Code for memory (store a visual image)

  3. Retain in memory

  4. Accurately reproduce the observed activity

  5. Possess sufficient motivation to apply new learning
• Factors influencing strength of learning from models

  • How much power the model seems to have
  • How capable the model seems to be
  • How nurturing/caring the model seems to be
  • How similar the learner perceives self and model
  • How many models the learner observes
• Processes establishing and strengthening identification with the model

  1. Children want to be like the model

  2. Children believe they are like the model

  3. Children experience emotions like those the model is feeling

  4. Children act like the model
• Social Learning Theory


  Emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Social learning theory considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior
• Examples of Social Learning Theory

  • Imitation of others
  • Observational learning
  • Vicarious reinforcement
• Humanism Learning Theory


  • Humanism is very closely related to constructivism
  • Humanism directly focuses on the idea of self-actualization
  • Everyone functions under a hierarchy of needs
  • Self-actualization is at the top of hierarchy of needs - it is the brief moments where the individual feel all the needs are met and that the person is the best possible version of yourself
  • Everyone is striving for this, and the learning environment can either move forward meeting the needs or away from meeting the needs
  • The theory believes in encouraging learners to develop an interest in learning. Maslow believes that experience play a key role in influencing the learning and behavior of humans. This theory is highly centered on learners. In this theory, teachers serve as role models. They motivate the learners who are required to be observant and keen to explore
• Humanism


  • All students are intrinsically motivated to self actualize and learn
  • Learning is dependent upon meeting a hierarchy of needs (physiological, psychological, and intellectual)
  • Learning should be reinforced
  • Teachers can create classroom environments that help students to get closer to their self-actualization
  • Educators can help fulfill students' emotional and physical needs, giving them a safe and comfortable place to learn, plenty of food, and the support they needs to succeed
  • This kind of environment is the most conducive to helping students learn
  • A child will create their own condition of worth by understanding behavior that they are the recipient of as well as behavior that they see. This helps them understand how they can deserve positive emotions and whether they deserve those emotions from others
• Humanism, a paradigm that emerged in the 1960s, focuses on the human freedom, dignity, and potentia
• Role models


  • They motivate the learners who are required to be observant and keen to explore
• Humanism


  A paradigm that emerged in the 1960s, focuses on the human freedom, dignity, and potential
• Humanism


  • All students are intrinsically motivated to self-actualize and learn
  • Learning is dependent upon meeting a hierarchy of needs (physiological, psychological, and intellectual)
  • Learning should be reinforced
  • Teachers can create classroom environments that help students to get closer to their self-actualization
  • Educators can help fulfill students' emotional and physical needs, giving them a safe and comfortable place to learn, plenty of food, and the support they needs to succeed
  • This kind of environment is the most conducive to helping students learn
  • A child will create their own condition of worth by understanding behavior that they are the recipient of as well as behavior that they see. This helps them understand how they can deserve positive emotions and whether they deserve those emotions from others
• Multiple Intelligences


  Grew out of constructivism and was framed around metacognition
• Multiple Intelligences


  • Verbal-linguistic
  • Visual-spatial
  • Logical-mathematical
  • Kinesthetic
  • Musical
  • Naturalist
  • Interpersonal
  • Intrapersonal
• Multiple Intelligences in Classroom


  • Delivery of instruction via multiple mediums
  • Student-centered classroom
  • Authentic assessment
  • Self-directed learning
• Connectivism Learning Theory


  • Focuses on the idea that people learn and grow where they form connections
  • Can be connections with each other or connections with their roles and obligations in their life
  • Hobbies, goals, and people can all be connections that influence learning
  • Teachers can utilize connectivism in their classroom to help students make connections to things that excite them, helping them learn
  • Teachers can use digital media to make good, positive connections to learning
  • They can help create connections and relationships with their students and with their peer groups to help students feel motivated about learning
  • Connectivism is a relatively new learning theory that suggests students should combine thoughts, theories, and general information in a useful manner. It accepts that technology is a major part of the learning process and that our constant connectedness gives us opportunities to make choices about our learning
• Cognitivists


  Believe that humans learn from thinking. They believe that we learn from our experiences and that we can change our behaviors based on new information. Knowledge is considered an internal process rather than a product
• Connectivism


  The theory that students learn best if they are taught to navigate and create social networks via technology and use these networks to learn
• Brain-based Learning


  • Grew out of Neuroscience and Constructivism. 12 governing principles: Brain is a parallel processor, Whole Body Learning, A search for meaning, Patterning, Emotions are critical, Processing of Parts and Wholes, Focused Attention and Peripheral Perception, Conscious and Unconscious Processes, Several Types of Memory, Embedded Learning Sticks, Challenge and Threat, Every brain is unique
  • Uses neuroscience to create an informed curriculum and lesson design. The goal? Speedy and efficient learning
• How to Apply Learning Theories in Teaching

  • Teachers can create specific strategies and techniques to apply these learning theories in their classroom
  • Teachers need to first focus on getting a well-rounded education to learn about all kinds of techniques for teaching and classroom management
  • Teachers need to understand learning theories to be prepared to utilize them in their classroom
  • An understanding of learning theories helps teachers connect to all different kinds of students. Teachers can focus on different learning styles to reach different students, creating teaching that focuses directly on student needs and aptitudes