cultural variations

• What did ijzendoorn and kroonenberg do?

  Looked at proportions of attachment types across different countries
• what was the procedure to ijzendoorns an kroonenbergs meta-analysis?

  • 32 studies of attachment where. strange situation was used
  • conducted in 8 countries - 15 in USA
  • 1,990 children in total
• what did ijzendoorn and kroonenberg find?

  • In all countries, secure attachment was most common
  • Insecure resistant least common
  • Insecure avoidant most common in germany and least in japan

  Results of studies within the same country were greater than between countries
• what did simonella et al do?

  • italian study
  • assessed 76 12 month olds using strange situation
  • 50% secure (low rate)
  • 36% insecure avoidant
• why, in the Italian study, was secure attachment low rate?

  increasing numbers of mothers of very young children work long hours and use professional childcare
• what did Jin et al do?

  • Korean study
  • strange situation used to assess 87 children
  • more of those classified as insecurely attached were resistant
  • results similar to the japan study (ijendoorn and kroonenberg)
• why was the Korean studys’ results similar to the japans?

  japan and Korea have similar child rearing styles- this similarity might be explained by this
• what were the conclusions?

  • secure attachment seems to be the norm in many countries which supports bowlblys idea that attachment is innate and universal
  • research shows that cultural practices have an influence on attachment type