FORENSIC 5

• Dr. Hans Gross - defined search of truth as a basis and goal of all criminal investigation.
• the large part of criminal work is nothing but more against battle of lies
• Vittorio Benussi - detect deception through the use of pneumograph, an instrument which graphically measures the inhalation of a person. He determine that the changes in breathing patterns by noting the changes of respiration-expiration of ratio during deception
• Harol Burtt - determine that changes in respiration is indication of deception. He found out that changes in systolic blood pressure is more of greater value in determining deception than changes in respiration.
• Luigi Galvani - is an italian physiologist who developed the galvanic skin reflex or GSR or galvanometer, which measures the electric bodily resistance of a person
• Sticker - is the first person who suggested in using the Galvanometer, he theorized that the use of galvanic skin reflex is influenced by mental impression and will not affect upon it.
• Veraguth - is the first person who used the term “psychogalvanic reflex”, in which he believed that electical phenomenon is due to the activity of sweat glands
• Angelo Mosso studied fear and its influence of the heart, he developed sphygmomanometer and scientific cradle, which measures blood pressure of a person while laying his back in a prone position. 
• Cesare Lombroso - who first developed an instrument for detecting lies known as Hydrosphygmograph, which measures pulse and blood pressure of the subjects who is being questioned about his or her involvement or knowledge of a specific crime.
• William Moulton Marston - considered as the FATHER OF MODERN POLYGRAPHY and dealt with sphygmomanometer and made researches about the usefulness of sphygmomanometer in detecting lies. He recorded the respiration and the subject’s verbal responses.
• John Larson - developed an instrument which continually and simultaneously measures flow of blood pressure, pulse and respiration. He developed mental bellows and KYMOGRAPH instrument, which can pulled a constant speed, a chart paper that rolls inside an instrument.
• Keeler - who developed the relevant/irrelevant test, in which the theory of this test is guilty subjects react only to relevant questions and innocent subjects shows no reaction at all. He added the "personally embarassing EPQ" which is designed to elicit a reaction to innocent subject and also developed card test and peak of a tension test
• John E. Reid - developed the reviewed control technique, in which its purpose is to stimulate the innocent subject to identify the natural tension and guilt complex reactor and to improve contact between the innocent and guilty subject and developed the guilt complex test.
• Cleve Backster - developed the Backster Zone Comparison Test technique, in which provide a monitoring of the subjects and designed to disclose outside issue
• Daniel Foe - wrote an essay entitled “An Effectual Scheme for the Immediate Preventing of Street Robberies and Suppressing all other Disorders of the Night” which recommends taking of the pulse as a method of identifying a criminal
• Sir James Mackenzie - is a famous heart specialist. It was said that polygraph exist as early as 1906 but it is not being used to detect deception. He 1st describes the instrument in an article entitled “The Ink Polygraph” which appeared in the British Medical Journal in 1908.
• Vittorio Benussi - represented a paper before the 2nd meeting of the Italian Society for Psychology in Rome, on the subject of his experiments regarding respiratory symptoms of lying.
• Richard O. Archer - is the first polygraphist to record simultaneously on regular basis the chest and abdominal breathing patterns. He was also the 1st one to record simultaneously two galvanic skin reflexes. In 1966, he founded the journal of Polygraph Science, the oldest of the polygraph publications.
• Richard I. Golden - presented a paper at the Annual Seminar of Polygraph Association at Houston, Texas regarding his experiments using existing control questions techniques but requiring the subject to answer each question twice. The first time truthfully and the second time with lie, for the purpose of requiring additional psycho-physiological data from the examinee by comparing his subjective truthful answer with a known lie to the same question.
• Francis Galton - developed the much acclaimed psychological test known as the Word Association Test, whereby the patient is presented with group of words sufficiently separated in time to allow the patient his first thought generated by each word. Dr. Carl Gustav Jung later developed the work and experiment of Galton.
• Allen Ball - is an American inventor who developed a device called Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE). This instrument detects slight trembling in the voice; this may be interpreted to determine if person is telling the truth.
• Anton Mesmer - was the first one to introduced hypnotism as a method of detecting lies or deception.