Week 11

• Vitamins and minerals do not directly provide or calories to the body
• Vitamins and minerals often serve the purpose as coenzymes
• B-vitamins are important for energy metabolism
• B vitamins circulate quickly throughout the body. Deficiency comes quickly and is often resolved quickly.
• COfactor: substance that enhances or is essential for an enzyme to function. usually are minerals
• Coenzyme: organic cofactor
• Coenzyme thiamin diphosphate is require for metabolism of glucose and branched chain AAs
• Thiamine contributes to carb and protein mteabolism
• Thamin deficiency: muscle wasting and nerve damage
• Riboflavin is needed in oxidation reduction reactions within the electron transport chain (FAD + FADH2)
• Ariboflavinosis: riboflavin deficiency, sore throat and mucosa
• Niacin: required for oxi-redox reactions of carbs, proteins, and fats (NAD + NADH
• Pellagra: niacin deficiency, dermatitis, diarreha, dementia
• Pyridoxine: aa and used in carb metabolism (transamination, glyco- gluco-neogenesis
• Pyridoxine (B6): toxicity can lead to nerve damage
• Pyridoxine (B6): deficiency affects skin, blood, nerves
• Panthotenic acid: essential as a coenzyme, no adverse affects from excesss. deficiencies are rare
• Biotin: component of coenzymes used for carbs, fat, and protein metabolism
• Biotin: deficiencies are seen in large consumption of raw egg whites, or intravenous feeding
• Choline: vitamin-like, fat and cholesterol meta/transport
• Choline deficiency: fat accumulation in liver
• Lack of vitamin B intake can impact the ability of person for physical activity, and work performance.
• Vitamin B is lost to unenriched processed food or milled grains
• Iodine: thyroid hormones. regulates body temperature, energy meta, and important for reproduction and growth
• Excess iodine interferes with thyroid function
• Hypothyroidism: low thyroid hormone, cold body temp, weigth gain, sluggish, and fatigue
• Chromium: assists insulin to transport glucose from the bloodsream.
• Chromium deficiency inhibits glucose uptake into cells, rise in glucose and insulin levls
• Manganese: cofactor in protein and fat. carb metabolism, gluconeoenesis, cholesterol, and insulin.
• Manganese toxicity impairs the nervous system and causes spasms and tremors
• Sulfur: compinent of thiamin and biotin. part of methionine and cysteine