Making of the Modern World

• Key element of Industrial Revolution - coal - used to power steam engines
• The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 18th century
• Social Impact of Industrial Revolution

  • Cities grew in size, factories had increasing numbers, lived in crowded and unsanitary conditions
• Business owners experienced great wealth from profits
• Africans were kidnapped and sent to America to work in cotton and sugar plantations
• Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia and Japan held territorial claims in Asia
• Banks and railway enterprises in China were controlled by foreign imperial forces
• More than 20 million died because of the Chinese rebellions
• China was fighting against a union of Western nations, who refused to give up China. The Chinese then turned to overthrowing their rulers because of their failure to protect
• Terra Nullius


  Land belonging to no one
• Captain James Cook landed on the east coast of Australia in 1770
• The British lost its American colonies and decided to settle in Australia
• First Fleet - Arrived on 26 January 1788
• 'Noble Savages'


  Primitive people who lived in harmony with the land (Europeans thoughts on Aboriginals)
• Gold was discovered in the 1850s
• Federation of Australian colonies occurred in 1901
• First parliament - Victorian Parliament Building, Melbourne
• 8000 Australians were killed during Gallipoli campaign
• Industrial Revolution


  • Great changes that began in the industry (engines, machines and factories were first developed)
• Major characteristics of Industrial Revolution

  • The use of machinery to make goods
  • Growth of factory towns
  • Shift from human labour to machinery - more efficient and mass production
  • Many inventions made work easier and cheaper
  • Movement away from farms to cities
• The Revolution started in the textile industry
• Between 1733 - 1793 inventors produced many new machines
• By late 1700s steam began to replace water as source of power
• Four great changes of the Industrial Revolution

  • Energy - human and animal labour replaced by steam, gas and electricity
  • Machinery - new inventions and new techniques were devised
  • Scale - size and amount of factories increased
  • Transport - railway and canal systems allowed rapid movement of resources from one place to another
• Led to growth of wealthy middle class
• Capitalism became dominant supported by liberalism
• Socialism developed as a response to the excesses of capitalism
• Migration

  Due to social and economic factors
• Industrial cities

  • Provided better standards of living and more opportunities for a higher quality of life. This led to domestic migration
• International Migration

  • Colonies were being established in new lands overseas, which attracted free settlers
• Increasing crime rates
• Convicts


  Were transported away from Britain to colonies in America and Australia
• Emigration


  Harsh conditions in cities during Industrial Revolution led to opportunities outside Britain
• Free Settlers


  Those who travelled new lands in search of new opportunities
• Modern European imperialism had started in the 16th century with Spain and Portugal
• Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain and France - main European powers
• By 1913, European powers controlled 84% of the Earth
• Colonialism

  • Made Europe wealthy from commerce and industry, investments in military allowed conquest and control
  • Achieved through traders, missionaries and soldiers
• Reasons for European Expansion

  • Economics: big demand for new supplies and selling goods, needed access to cheap supplies of raw materials
  • Nationalism: pride in national achievements became strong in Europe and possessing colonies began to be a sign of national strength and prestige
  • Security: controlling the overseas territories provided them with strategic advantages and security in times of conflict
• Europe spread Christianity displacing Indigenous religion