FPH102

• Development


  • Refers to a process of gradual transformation
  • Shows improvement in the level of functioning upon the acquisition of skills
  • Identified through a comprehensive evaluation of the child's performance on various skills and memory retention
  • Internal process continuous throughout life
• Growth


  • Increase in size evident through physical change (Observable Physical Manifestations)
  • Refers to a consistent growth and increase in value (ex. Increase in height or weight)
  • Continues until maturation
• Child Development


  Study explaining how a child changes as they grow from conception to age 18 (0-18)
• Stages of Development


  • Infancy (Birth to 12 Months)
  • Toddler (12 Months to 3 Years)
  • Preschool (3 Years to 6 Years)
  • School Age (6 Years to 12 Years)
  • Adolescence (13 Years to 18 Years)
• Theories of Child Development

  • Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Theory
  • Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
  • Jean Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
• Psychosexual Theory


  • Child development occurs in a series of stages that focus on different pleasure areas or erogenous zones of the body (For gratification)
  • The energy of the libido focused on different erogenous zones for specific stages
  • Failure to solve the conflicts of a particular stage lead to fixations (unresolved means of child) that can have influence on adult behavior
• Psychosexual Stages


  • Oral Stage
  • Anal Stage
  • Phallic Stage
  • Latent Stage
  • Genital Stage
• Oral Stage


  • Infancy (Birth - 1 Year Old)
  • Oral stimulation is achieved through sucking via the mother's breast necessary for nutrition and feeding
  • Gratification comes from sucking
  • Child develops a sense of trust
• Anal Stage


  • Toddler (1 - 3 Years Old)
  • Stage focuses on urination and defecation via toilet training in the proper time and place
  • Lead child to independence and sense of self-control
• Phallic Stage


  • Preschool (3 - 6 Years Old)
  • Children learn differences between male and female, and become inclined to their genital organs out of curiosity and fascination
  • Possible masturbation (auto-eroticism)
  • Attraction to the parent of the opposite sex , while viewing the same sex parents as rivals (Presented as Oedipus and Elektra Complex)
• Oedipus Complex


  • Unconscious attachment of the son to their mother, with envious or aggressive feelings towards father
  • The son develops Castration Anxiety (Fear of the father)
• Elektra Complex


  • Unconscious attachment of the daughter to their father, with envious or aggressive feelings towards mother
  • Daughters are equipped to deal with adult and sexual relationships
  • Daughters develop Penis Envy (Attention shifts to their father, while resenting their mother, because they do not have a penis)
• Latent Stage


  • School Age (6 - Puberty)
  • Period of exploration or time of calmness as there is no battle over control for satisfaction
  • The Ego and Superego Personality is Dominant
  • Social Development Takes Place
• Genital Stage


  • Adolescence and Above (Puberty to Death)
  • The Libido becomes active again, which leads to mature sexual interests
  • Ego and Id are Fully Functioning
  • Balance Between Life Stages and Areas
• Oral

  Weaning (Pag-aawat) represents the first conflict between desire and reality since the child needs to eat solid food or start drinking in a cup
• Fixations from the Psychosexual stage

  • Anal - The success of this stage depends on the parents' approach (Rigid Approach vs Lax Approach)
• Rigid Approach

  
  

  An individual with obsessive-compulsive behavior

  • Associated with meticulous parents
• Lax Approach

  An individual who is sloppy, messy, or careless

  • Associated with lenient, or permissive
• Fixations from the Psychosexual stage

  • Phallic - Under Oedipus Complex, if a man fails to join forces with his father, he fails at life due to his guilt generated from competing with his father for his mother's attention
• Fixations of the Psychosexual Stage

  • Latent - Fixation creates possibility for immaturity and inability to form fulfilling relationships
• Fixations of the Psychosexual Stage

  • Genital - Fixations manifest as patterns of sexual promiscuity, fear of intimacy or commitment, sexual dysfunction or excessive focus on sexual gratification due to unresolved conflicts from prior stages
• Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory


  • Social Interaction and Experience played decisive roles
  • At each stage, children and adults face a developmental crisis that serves as a major turning point
  • Successfully managing crisis on each stage leads to lifelong psychological virtue (basic virtue)
• Stages

  • Trust VS. Mistrust
  • Autonomy VS. Shame/Doubt
  • Initiative VS. Guilt
  • Industry VS. Inferiority
  • Identity VS. Role Confusion
  • Intimacy VS. Isolation
  • Generativity VS. Stagnation
  • Ego Integrity VS. Despair
• Trust VS. Mistrust (0 - 18 Months/or 1 Year Old)


  • Basic Virtue = Hope
  • Major Question = Can I trust the people around me?
  • Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care and affection
  • Providing comfort by holding closely and securely
  • Bathing and feeding
  • Giving affection
  • Early patterns of trust help child build a strong base of trust for social and emotional development so that they feel secure and safe later in life
• Autonomy VS. Shame/Doubt (18 Months to 2 or 3 Years Old)


  • Basic Virtue = Will
  • Major Question - Can I do things by myself? Am I reliant on the help of others?
  • Children are focused on gaining a greater sense of self-control, and independence
  • Picking own clothes
  • Dressing oneself
  • Developing own food preference
  • Choosing own toys
  • Mastering toilet training
  • Parents and Caregivers must provide reassurance by giving rewards or saying that they have done a great job
  • Offer choices and opportunities
  • Be supportive and refrain from punishments
• Initiative VS. Guilt (3 - 6 Years Old)


  • Basic Virtue = Purpose
  • Major Question = Am I good or bad?
  • Children assert power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions
  • Choosing friends they play with and choosing activities
  • Parents must enforce healthy boundaries and encourage child to make good choices
  • Modeling and reinforcement
  • Continue to encourage the child despite mistakes
  • Make children be involved in the process
  • Ideal balance of individual initiative and a willingness to work with others leads to a sense of purpose
• Industry VS. Inferiority (6-12 Years Old)

  • Basic Virtue = Competence
  • Major Question = How can I be good or bad?
  • Children develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities, while needing to cope with new social and academic demands
  • Peers and Classmates play a Role
  • Social interactions help realize that his ability is better than those of his peers or if his talents are high-prized to others or the opposite
  • School work also helps build competency as commended by parents and teachers
• Identity VS. Role Confusion (12 - 18 Years Old)


  • Basic Virtue = Fidelity
  • Major Question = Who am I?
  • At this stage, teenagers must explore independence and develop a sense of self
  • Experimenting with different roles, activities, people, and behaviors
  • Proper encouragement and reinforcement must be provided through exploration so that Ego Identity is achieved
  • Conscious sense of self that an iIndividual develops through social interaction which constantly change due to new experiences and information acquired in daily interaction
  • The conflict at this stage arises from forming a sense of self-identity
• Intimacy VS. Isolation (18 - 40 Years Old)


  • Basic Virtue = Love
  • Major Question = Will I be loved? Will I be alone?
  • As people enter adulthood, these emotionally intimate relationships play a critical role in a person's emotional well-being
  • Intimate relationships are those that encompass closeness, honesty, and love
  • A person that successfully navigates this stage builds healthy relationships with romantic partners, friends, and family members
• Generativity VS. Stagnation (40 - 65 Years Old)


  • Basic Virtue = Care
  • Major Question = How can I contribute to the world?
  • Generativity refers to "making your mark" by caring for others and accomplishing things that make the world a better place
  • Developing relationships with family
  • Making commitments to other people
  • Mentoring
  • Contributing to the next generation
  • At this stage, couples are in their prime, so they may travel the world and care for their grandchildren and other family members
• Ego Integrity VS. Despair (65 Years old and Above)


  • Basic Virtue = Wisdom
  • Major Question = Did I live a meaningful life?
  • A person who has achieved integrity looks back at their life with a sense of accomplishment and fulfillment
  • Success leads to peace and fulfillment - look back at life with contentment, and no regrets
  • Wisdom - Informed and detached concern with life itself even in the face of death itself
• Crisis from psychosocial stages

  • Trust VS. Mistrust - If caretakers are neglectful and unresponsive, the child develops a sense of insecurity and mistrust, frustration, withdrawal, and suspicion
• Crisis from psychosocial stage

  • Autonomy VS. Shame/Doubt - Excessive punishment and control may lead to shame and self-doubt
• Crisis from psychosocial stages

  • Industry VS. Inferiority - If a child fails to navigate this stage, they feel inferior and are associated with adults who usually equate achievement with acceptance and love
• Crisis from psychosocial stages

  • Identity VS. Role Confusion - Those who are unsure of their beliefs and desires remain insecure and confused during adulthood
• Crisis from psychosocial stages

  • Intimacy VS. Isolation - Struggling at this stage leads to feelings of loneliness and isolation due to childhood experiences including neglect or abuse, divorce or death of a partner, inability to open up, past relationships, troubles with self-disclosure, fear of commitment and intimacy
• Crisis from psychosocial stages

  • Generativity VS. Stagnation - Stagnant individuals may feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community, with characteristics such as neuroticism, placing one's concerns above all else, failure to get involved, no efforts to improve or be productive
• Crisis from psychosocial stages

  • Ego Integrity VS. Despair - Those who have despair look at life with regrets, and ruminate over the mistakes they have made