Non-communicable diseases ii

• Morbidity


  Illness, the state of being unhealthy for a particular disease or situation
• Mortality


  Death, the number of deaths that occur in a population
• NCDs have a huge part in the leading causes of death, seven out of the top ten causes of death are NCDs
• Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)


  Also known as Chronic (long duration) Diseases, result of a combination of several factors: genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral
• The exposure of an individual to the risk factors increases the likelihood of an individual acquiring a particular disease
• Major Causes of NCDs


  • Lifestyle
  • Hereditary
  • Environmental
• Lifestyle


  • Result of unhealthy habits, behavioral and modifiable risk factors: smoking, abuse of substances, high fat/salt/sugar intake, physical inactivity
• Hereditary


  • Genetics–non-modifiable in nature, traits are passed from parent to child
• Environmental


  • Where one lives or works, nature of work or surroundings can increase an individual's likelihood of having an NCD, e.g. high amounts of radiation can alter the body's physiological activity leading to diseases
• Physical Inactivity


  No longer engaging in exercises, sedentary lifestyle
• Abuse of Substances


  Alcohol and Tobacco impact an individual's physical health, thus, increasing the chances of NCDs
• Unhealthy Diet


  Unhealthy eating is manifested in one's health, "you are what you eat"
• Diabetes Mellitus


  Group of disorders characterized by abnormalities in carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism
• Fasting glucose level


  126 mg/dl or higher, fasting ensures no other factors can affect the sugar levels
• Pancreas


  • Produces enzymes that aid in the digestion of food, releases hormones (insulin & glucagon) into the bloodstream to control blood sugar levels
• Insulin


  Helps blood sugar enter the cells in your body for use as energy, without insulin, blood sugar can't get into cells and builds up in the bloodstream
• Glucagon


  Opposite of insulin, increases levels of glucose in the bloodstream, produced when blood sugar levels are low
• Metabolism


  The process or sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and that provide the body with energy for vital processes and synthesis of new organic material
• Metabolic Disorder


  A collective term for a group of syndromes that disrupt the normal metabolic processes in the body
• Pancreas


  • In the Islets of Langerhans, it produces alpha cells (glucagon) and beta cells (insulin) which help control blood sugar levels
• Insulin


  A hormone secreted by the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates for energy or to store glucose for future use, helps keep your blood sugar level from getting too high or too low
• Type I Diabetes (IDDM)

  Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus, an individual relies on the injection of insulin for the glucose to be utilized by the cells, evident impairment in the production of insulin produced by the pancreas, juvenile onset
• Type II Diabetes (NIDDM)


  Non-Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus, the pancreas makes less insulin than what is used and then your body becomes resistant to insulin, previously identified to have Impaired Glucose Tolerance, adult onset
• Insulin Resistance


  The inability of cells to use insulin hormone, which inhibits the cell's capability to absorb and then use glucose in metabolic processes
• Gangrene


  A dangerous and potentially fatal condition that happens when the blood flow to a large area of tissue is cut off, causing the tissue to break down and die, common to those with diabetes
• Risk Factors for Type II Diabetes


  • Family history
  • Overweight
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Hypertension
  • HDL cholesterol level < 35 mg/dl
  • Triglyceride level > 250 mg/dl
  • History of gestational diabetes or delivery of a baby weighing 9lbs
  • Previously identified to have impaired glucose tolerance
• Gestational Diabetes (GD)


  Occurs in pregnancy and is caused by pregnancy hormones that may alter the activity of the pancreas, making it insufficient for the needs of the body, usually goes away when the baby is born
• Gestational diabetes increases the risk of Type II Diabetes for the Mother, diabetes tests are recommended yearly to ensure the prevention of Type II DM</b>
• Polyuria


  Excessive urination, kidneys get overworked to filter out excess glucose
• Polydipsia


  Excessive thirst, there's a need to replenish fluids
• Polyphagia


  Excessive hunger, glucose isn't converted into energy thus the lack of energy causes an increase in hunger
• Paresthesia


  Body weakness caused by polyuria, polydipsia, & polyphagia
• Fasting Blood Sugar Test (FBS Test)


  Blood sample is obtained and its blood glucose level is checked for hyperglycemia, there must be eight hours of fasting prior to the test
• 1. 2 HOUR Blood Sugar Test (OGTT)

  Also known as Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, glucose solution is introduced and then blood is tested two hours later, result: high glucose level = potential diabetes
• Random Blood Sugar Test (RBS Test)


  Also known as Casual Blood Glucose Test, the usual, most available, and most widely used form of screening, an individual obtains blood sugar level on a daily basis for monitoring purposes
• Tests for Blood Glucose Levels and Diagnosis in mg/dL


  • Normal: FBS ≤ 99, OGTT ≤ 139
  • Prediabetes: FBS 100 - 125, OGTT 141 - 199
  • Diabetes: FBS ≥ 126, OGTT ≥ 200, RBS ≥ 200
• Risk Factors of Diabetes Mellitus


  • Modifiable: Lifestyle, Eating Habits, Existing Health Problems
  • Non-Modifiable: Race, Genetics, Age
• Prevention & Control of Diabetes Mellitus


  • Maintain body weight and prevent obesity
  • Encourage proper nutrition
  • Promote regular physical activity and exercise
  • Smoking cessation for active smokers and prevent exposure to secondhand smoke
• Cardiovascular diseases


  Group of diseases which focuses on the heart and its implication on the circulation (blood vessels)
• Types of cardiovascular diseases

  • Hypertension
  • Coronary Artery Disease
  • Cerebrovascular Disease/Stroke