cph lec m

• Human ecology is an interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments.
• Human ecology is the discipline that inquires into the patterns and process of interaction of humans with their environments.
• Human values, wealth, life-styles, resource use, and waste, etc. must affect and be affected by the physical and biotic environments along urban- rural gradients.
• The main aim of ecology is to understand the distribution of biotic and abiotic factors of living things in the environment.
• The biotic and abiotic factors include the living and non-living factors and their interaction with the environment.
• Biotic components are living factors of an ecosystem. A few examples of biotic components include bacteria, animals, birds, fungi, plants
• Abiotic components are non-living chemical and physical factors of an ecosystem. These components could be acquired from the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. A few examples of abiotic components include sunlight, soil, air, moisture minerals and more.
• Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats.
• Adaptedness is the state of being adapted: the degree to which an organism is able to live and reproduce in a given set of habitats.
• An adaptive trait is an aspect of the developmental pattern of the organism which enables or enhances the probability of that organism surviving and reproducing
• Conservation ecology is the branch of ecology and evolutionary biology that deals with the preservation and management of biodiversity and natural resources. It is a discipline that is emerging rapidly as a result of the accelerating deterioration of natural systems and the worldwide epidemic of species extinction
• Climate change is impacting health in a myriad of ways, including and leading to death and illness from increasingly frequent extreme weather events.
• Climate change

  -heatwaves, storms and floods, the disruption of food systems, increases in zoonoses, food-, water- and vector-borne diseases, and mental health issues.
• Seasonal changes in precipitation and temperature affect soil moisture, evaporation rates, river flows, lake levels, and snow cover.
• Leaves fall and plants wither as cold and dry seasons approach.
• These changes in vegetation affect the type and amount of food available for humans and other organisms
• Demography is the scientific study of human populations.
• DEMOGRAPHY

  It involves analysis of three observable phenomena:

  • changes in population size,
  • the composition of the population
  • the distribution of populations in space.
• Demographers study five processes:

  • fertility, mortality, marriage, migration and social mobility. These processes determine populations’ size, composition and distribution.
• Demography is essential for public health practitioners because the health of communities and individuals depends on the dynamic relationship between the numbers of people, the space which they occupy and the skills they have acquired
• Public Health Surveillance,

  • use to monitor a public health situation.
• Epidemiology

  • determine where diseases originate, how or why they move through populations, and how we can prevent them.
• Public Health Laboratories

  • support public health by performing tests to confirm disease diagnoses. Laboratories also support public health by conducting research and training
• Public Health Informatics

  • deals with the methods for collecting, compiling, and presenting health information. It enables us to use electronic data effectively when addressing a public health situation.
• Prevention Effectiveness

  • studies provide important economic information for decision makers to help them choose the best option available.
• Lifespan refers to the maximum number of years an individual can live
• lifespan holds for all living humans.
• Life Expectancy refers to an estimate or an average number of years a person can expect to live.
• life expectancy can be attributed to and impacted by an individual and their personal health history, genetics, and lifestyle,
• Human behavior is the potential and expressed capacity (mentally, physically, and socially) of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life.
• There are five different psychological concepts.

  ➢ biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic.
• The ABC Model of behavior has three components: - affective, focusing on emotions;

  • behavioral, focusing on the actions of a person; -
  • cognitive, which can be stated in words and focuses on the actual beliefs of a person.
• Health education can be defined as the principle by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance, or restoration of health
• The ultimate goal of health education is to promote, maintain and improve individuals' and community health.
• Health education is aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality due to preventable health problems.
• Persuasion and informed decision-making are important

  types of health education approaches
• Examples of health education activities at these three levels include:

  • Individual level: Home visits to patients and their relatives
  • Community level: Lectures to deliver basic information on the subject to small groups.
  • Population level: Television programs or ads to reach a large audience.
• Lifestyle is central to a person's disease risk and overall health.
• Day-to-day behaviors have profound implications for both short- and long-term health outcomes and quality of life.
• A communicable disease is an illness due to a specific infectious (biological) agent or its toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted