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• Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors.
• Environmental Health

  It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health.

  It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments.
• This definition excludes behavior not related to environment, as well as behavior related to the social and cultural environment, as well as genetics.“
• Five basic disciplines generally contribute to the field of environmental health:

  ➢ Environmental epidemiology,

  ➢ Toxicology,

  ➢ Exposure science,

  ➢ Environmental engineering,

  ➢ Environmental law.
• Environmental epidemiology

  is a branch of epidemiology concerned with determining how environmental exposures impact human health
• Toxicology

  • is a scientific discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the aderse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposure to toxins and toxicants.
• Exposure science

  • is the study of the contact between humans (and other organisms) and harmful agents within their environment
• Environmental engineering - professional engineering discipline related to environmental science.

  • create solutions that will protect and also improve the health of living organisms and improve the quality of the environment.
• Environmental engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering and chemical engineering. While on the part of civil engineering, the Environmental Engineering is focused mainly on Sanitary Engineering.
• Environmental laws are laws that protect the environment. It is the collection of laws, regulations, agreements and common law that governs how humans interact with their environment.
• Information from epidemiology, toxicology, and exposure science can be combined to conduct a risk assessment for specific chemicals, mixtures of chemicals or other risk factors to determine whether an exposure poses significant risk to human health
• This can in turn be used to develop and implement environmental health policy that, for example, regulates chemical emissions, or imposes standards for proper sanitation.
• Actions of engineering and law can be combined to provide

  risk management to minimize, monitor, and otherwise manage the impact of exposure to protect human health to achieve the objectives of environmental health policy.
• Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity focusing both on ecology and human health.
• Disaster management is a science and a system charged with creating the framework within which communities

  reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters.
• Food safety (or food hygiene) is used as a scientific method/discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness.
• Housing including substandard housing, abatement and the inspection of jails and prisons
• Lead poisoning, also known as plumbism and saturnism, is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body.
• Land use planning is the process of regulating the use of land by a central authority
• Wastewater treatment is a process which removes and

  eliminates contaminants from wastewater and converts this into

  an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle.
• Occupational safety and health (OSH) or occupational health and safety (OHS) is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health and welfare of people at work
• Waste management or waste disposal includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its

  final disposal.
• Vector control

  Any method to limit or eradicate the mammals, birds, insects or other arthropods (collectively called “vectors") which transmit

  disease pathogens.
• Biomedical waste or hospital waste

  • Any kind waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious) materials generated during the treatment of humans or animals as well as during research involving biologics.
• Health Care

  The World Health Organization defines health care as an overall maintenance and solution to the health needs of a person, family, or community.
• Health Care

  It is a system that addresses these health needs and are fulfilled through prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care.
• health system

  • organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health.
• The Beveridge Model

  • This model of health care is both provided and financed by the government through tax payments.
• The Beveridge Model

  • In this system, healthcare facilities can be owned by the Government, but may also be privately owned with Government funding, with the majority of health staff in this model composed of government employees.
• The Beveridge Model

  • The primary criticism of this system is the tendency toward long waiting lists with everyone guaranteed access to health services,
• The Bismarck Model

  also referred to as a "Social Health Insurance Model" was named for the 19th Century Prussian Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck,
• The Bismarck Model

  It is a health insurance plan that in principle must include all citizens, and is non-profit in nature, although in practice tends to be available only to the working population with the allocation of resources to those who contribute financially, so as such does not provide universal health coverage.
• The Bismarck Model

  • Providers and hospitals are generally private, while insurers are generally public.
• The Bismarck Model

  • It is predominantly funded jointly by employers and employees through payroll deductions.
• The Bismarck Model

  • The primary criticism is how to provide care for those who are unable to work or can't afford contributions, including ageing populations and the imbalance between retirees and employees.
• The National Health Insurance Model

  • This system combines elements of both the Beveridge and Bismarck Models of Healthcare.
• The National Health Insurance Model

  • Generally, funding comes from a government­ run insurance program that every citizen pays into, as we see in the Beveridge Model, but it predominantly uses private­ sector providers.
• The National Health Insurance Model

  • The single-payer tends to have considerable market power to negotiate for lower prices.
• The National Health Insurance Model

  • control costs by limiting the medical services they will pay for, or by making patients wait to be treated, which is the primary criticism of these models.
• The Private Model

  • In this type of model Healthcare is still driven by income.