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• Properties of a Well-written Text

  • Organization - Refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text
  • Coherence and Cohesion - Connection of ideas and connection between sentences and paragraphs. Usage of Transitional words and cohesive devices
  • Appropriate Language Use - Acceptable style of language for particular form of text
  • Proper Mechanics - Conventions of writing (CAPITALIZATION, PUNCTUATION, SPELLING, NUMERALS, ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYM and CONTRACTIONS), Syntactically anomalous sentences
• Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information (1)

  1. Graphic Organizers - Arranging Ideas In Order. Helps in making clear connections between and among ideas

  2. Time Pattern Organizer - Used when ideas are needed to be arranged in chronological order such as stories or procedures

  3. Space Pattern Organizer - Used in descriptions to show an object of description appears in space

  4. Listing Pattern Organizer - Used when the author provides a series of details that does not require any order

  5. Comparison and Contrast Pattern Organizer - Used to know the similarities and differences of two or more subjects

  6. Classification Pattern Organizer - Used when the author divides a group into subgroups smaller groups

  7. Cause-and-Effect Pattern Organizer - Used when the author intends to express why something happened or the result of particular event

  8. Generalization and Example Pattern Organizer - Used when the author explains a general idea and discusses it in specific terms using examples

  9. Definition Pattern Organizer - Used when the author provides a meaning of a new difficult word

  
• Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information (2)

  1. Brainstorming - A process of generating creative ideas and solutions through an intensive group discussion

  2. Graphic Organizers - A visual and graphic display that depicts relationships between facts, terms, or ideas

  3. Venn Diagram - This aims to show the relationships among concepts and ideas through the use of circles

  4. KWHL Chart (What I KNOW, What I WANT to learn, HOW will I learn, What I LEARNED) - This chart allows the student to track their own learn progress from the beginning and the end of a particular subject

  5. Cause and Effect Diagram - A tool used to logically organize possible causes for the specific problem or effect by graphically displaying them

  6. Main Idea and Details Chart - This graphic organizer illustrates the hierarchical relationship between major ideas and their subordinate details

  7. Concept Map - Used to represent knowledge for a topic, forge connections between ideas and create visual illustration of understanding. Commonly illustrated with lines and circles

  8. Outlining - An outline is a map that shows what information each section or paragraph will contain, and in what order. Most outlines use numbers and/or bullet points to arrange information and convey points

  9. Topic Outline - The topic outline uses phrases only

  10. Sentence Outline - A sentence outline provides more information than a topic outline. Every idea should be written in a complete sentence. Avoid any fragments
• Patterns of development in writing


  Various strategies or organizational structures that writers use to convey their ideas effectively
• Patterns of development in writing

  • Comparison and contrast
  • Cause and effect
  • Problem-solution
  • Persuasion
• Comparison and contrast


  Writers use this pattern to highlight similarities and differences between two or more subjects
• Cause and effect


  Explores the relationship between events or phenomena, showing how one event leads to another
• Problem-solution


  Offers a structured framework for addressing challenges effectively in communication and writing
• Persuasion


  Involves convincing or influencing the audience to adopt a specific viewpoint, belief, or course of action through the use of persuasive techniques
• Well-developed ideas


  Clear statement of purpose, position, facts, examples, specific details, definitions, explanation, justifications, or opposing viewpoints
• Organization


  Ideas are logically and accurately arranged
• Coherence


  Sentences are arranged in a logical manner, making them easily understood by the reader
• Cohesion


  Connection of ideas at sentence level, the property of unity in a written text or a segment of spoken discourse
• Chronological order


  The details are arranged in the order in which they happened
• Spatial order


  The sentences of a paragraph are arranged according to geographical location, such as left-to-right, up-to-down, etc.
• Emphatic order


  Information found in a paragraph is arranged to emphasize certain points depending on the writer's purpose
• Signal devices


  • Transitions
  • Repetitions
  • Synonyms
  • Pronouns
• Types of transitions


  • Time
  • Sequence
  • Space
  • Illustration
  • Comparison
  • Contrast
  • Cause and effect
  • Conclusion
• Language use


  Appropriateness of word/vocabulary usage
• Language to avoid


  • Too informal
  • Too unsophisticated
  • Too vague
  • Jargon
  • Clichés
  • Everyday abbreviations
  • Slang
  • Not gender neutral
• Effective language use


  Choosing words and phrases that are appropriate for the audience and purpose of the text
• Mechanics


  Set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize
• Examples


  Specific details in a text that are used to clarify the meaning of a word
• Definition


  Usually signaled by a form of the verb to be (am, is, are, was, were) or by commas or dashes

  
• Exposition


  • Exemplification or Classification, Comparison and Contrast, Cause and Effect, Problem-solution
• Basic steps in brainstorming

  1. Layout the problem you want to solve

  2. Identify the objectives of a possible solution

  3. Generate solutions individually

  4. When your problems, objectives, and personal solutions are clear, work as a group
• Graphic Organizers


  • Venn diagram, KWHL Chart, Cause and effect diagram, Main idea and details chart, Concept map
• Outlining


  A map that shows what information each section or paragraph will contain, and in what order, using numbers and/or bullet points to arrange information and convey points
• Topic outline


  Uses phrases only
• Sentence outline


  Provides more information than a topic outline, with every idea written in a complete sentence, avoiding fragments
• Patterns of development in writing


  Refer to various strategies or organizational structures that writers use to convey their ideas effectively, helping to present information in a coherent and logical manner
• Comparison and Contrast


  Writers use this pattern to highlight similarities and differences between two or more subjects, helping readers understand the relationships between ideas and make informed judgments
• Cause and Effect


  Explores the relationship between events or phenomena, showing how one event leads to another, explaining why things happen and analyzing the consequences of actions or events
• Problem Solution


  Offers a structured framework for addressing challenges effectively in communication and writing, typically beginning by introducing the problem, providing context, and identifying its causes, then presenting solutions supported by evidence and analysis
• Persuasion


  Involves convincing or influencing the audience to adopt a specific viewpoint, belief, or course of action through the use of persuasive techniques such as logical reasoning, evidence, emotional appeals, and effective rhetoric
• Organization


  Ideas are well-developed when there is a clear statement of purpose, position, facts, examples, specific details, definitions, explanation, justifications, or opposing viewpoints, which are logically and accurately arranged
• Coherence


  Means that sentences are arranged in a logical manner, making them easily understood by the reader
• Cohesion


  The connection of ideas at the sentence level, the property of unity in a written text or spoken discourse that stems from links among its surface elements, as when words in one sentence are repeated in another, and especially from the fact that some words or phrases depend for their interpretation upon material in preceding or following text
• Arrangement of details in a paragraph

  1. Chronological order

  2. Spatial order

  3. Emphatic order (from least to most important or from most to least important)
• Signal Devices


  • Transitions (time, sequence, space, illustration, comparison, contrast, cause and effect, conclusion), Repetitions, Synonyms, Pronouns