Vitamins

• Fat Soluble Vitamins


  A

  D

  E

  K
• Water Soluble Vitamins


  Thiamin (B-1)

  Riboflavin (B-2)

  Niacin (B-3)

  Pantothenic Acid (B-5)

  Biotin

  Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

  Folate

  Vitamin (B-12) cobalamin

  Vitamin C

  Choline
• Vitamins

  Cannot be synthesized by the body. Must be consumed by the diet.
• For _________ digestive processes in the stomach begin the release of vitamins from food

  all vitamins
• For _______ digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas aid in the release of vitamins from food.

  all vitamins
• For ______ bile produced in the liver (and stored in the gallbladder) aids in fat-soluble vitamin absorption

  Fat-Soluble vitamins only
• Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed in the 


  small intestine, along with dietary fat, and carried by chylomicrons, into lymphatic circulation.
• _______ are absorbed in the small intestine and released directly in the blood.

  water soluble vitamins only
• small amounts of ______ are made by bacteria in the ileum of the small intestine and in the large intestine.

  Vitamin K only
• Fat-Soluble Vitamins


  Incorporated into chylomicrons and transported by lymphatic system to the bloodstream.

  Stored in liver and adipose tissue.

  Not readily excreted (except vitamin K)

  HIGHER RISK FOR TOXICITY
• Water soluble vitamins


  Absorbed directly into bloodstream.

  Limited storage (except B-6 and B-12)

  Readily excreted via urine
• Vitamin A Retinoids


  Exclusively in animal products

  Liver, fish oils, fortified dairy products, & eggs.
• Vitamin A Carotenoids


  Exclusively found in plants

  Dark green, yellow, orange, red vegetables and fruits.

  *dont have to eat animal products to get vitamin A

  Yellow-Orange pigment in fruits and vegetables

  Provitamins: alpha and beta carotene, and beta cryptoxanthin can be converted to vitamin A

  Expressed in RAE
• Functions of Vitamin A: Retinoids 


  Growth and Development (eyes, limbs, cardiovascular system, nervous system)

  Cell Differentiation

  Vision: rhodopsin

  Immune Function

  Dermatology
• Vitamin A Immune Function

  Epithelial barriers

  -protects entry of pathogens

  Cellular immunity

  -function of immune cells

  Antibody production
• Increased infection is an early symptom of

  Vitamin A deficiency
• Lack of vitamin A during early stages of pregnancy leads to 


  birth defects and fetal mortality
• Vitamin A is essential for 


  Vision
• Antioxidants protect against

  macular degeneration (blind spot/ blurry vision in the center)

  
• Vitamin A has an upper limit


  True
• Vitamin A deficiency


  Night Blindness

  Xerophthalmia (irreversible blindness)

  Follicular hyperkeratosis (skin)

  Maternal Mortality
• Bitots Spots


  Vitamin A- Leading cause of preventable childhood blindness

  not enough mucus produced

  
• Xerophthalmia


  Severe effects of Vitamin A deficiency

  
• Vitamin A Toxicity

  Teratogenic: Spontaneous abortion and birth defects

  Liver Damage
• Which is a form of vitamin A found in plant food?

  Beta-carotene
• Vitamin D

  Conditional vitamin

  "prohormone"
• Vitamin D foods

  Fatty Fish, cod liver oil

  Fortified breakfast cereal

  Fortified dairy products
• Vitamin D travels to the _____ and then the ____

  liver, kidneys where it is converted to its bioactive form (calcitriol).
• Vitamin D synthesis is regulated by

  parathyroid hormone and kidneys
• How long does it take to get adequate Vitamin D from the sun?

  10-15 minutes
• Functions of Vitamin D

  • Maintain blood levels of calcium and phosphorous (role in bone health)
  • Regulate immune function
  • Regulate cell cycle
  • Reduce risk of chronic diseases (diabetes hypertension, dementia, cancer)
• Vitamin D Fortification

  1918- rachitic dogs cured by feeding cod liver oil (source of vitamin D)

  Fortification of milk with vitamin D
• Rickets


  Vitamin D Deficiency Disease

  Rickets (children, bones fail to calcify normally, bones bend)
• Osteomalacia "soft bones"


  Poor mineralization of bones

  Affects adults

  Bones are soft, flexible, brittle
• Vitamin E can be found in foods such as

  Peanuts, sunflower seeds, almonds, avocados.
• "Most abundant" & "Most active"

  Alpha-Tocopherol "Vitamin E"
• Vitamin E Functions as an


  Antioxidant
• Vitamin A toxicity


  Very Rare

  Excessive amounts can interfere with vitamin K's role in blood clotting, which can result in a hemorrhage (blood cannot clot)
• Vitamin E Deficiency


  Hemolytic anemia: rare in humans

  Pre-term infants, smokers, and those with fat malabsorption are most susceptible.

  Immune function impairment and neurological changes
• Vitamin K "animal sources"

  Menaquinones (K2)

  Synthesized by bacteria in colon

  Fish oils and meats