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• CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS

  • Natural
  • Quasi-natural
  • Man-made
  • Technological
  • Environmental Degradation
• TYPES OF HAZARD

  • Slow onset
  • Rapid/Sudden onset
• IMPACT

  • Physical
  • Physiological
  • Socio-cultural
  • Economic
  • Environmental
  • Biological
• EARTHQUAKE


  Sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves
• What causes earthquakes?

  • Movement of tectonic plates, which are large pieces of the Earth's crust that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle
• PHIVOLCS

  Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, the service institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) that is mandated to monitor and study disasters that may be caused be earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other geotectonic phenomena
• Earthquake-related terms

  • HYPOCENTER/FOCUS
  • EPICENTER
  • MAGNITUDE
  • INTENSITY
  • SEISMIC WAVES
  • SURFACE WAVES
  • SEISMOGRAPH
• Magnitude of an earthquake


  Estimate of the amount of energy released at the focus or origin of the earthquake. The higher the number, the greater is the magnitude of the earthquake.
• PHIVOLCS

  Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, the service institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) mandated to monitor and study disasters caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other geotectonic phenomena
• Hypocenter/Focus


  Location/origin of the earthquake deep down the crust
• Epicenter


  Location of the surface directly affected by the earthquake
• Magnitude


  Estimate of the amount of energy released at the hypocenter of the earthquake
• Intensity


  Degree of shaking of the earthquake
• Seismic waves


  Energy waves that radiate outward from an earthquake's epicenter
• Surface waves


  Slowest waves that move along the Earth's surface and cause the most damage
• Seismograph


  Instrument used to record and measure the motion of the ground during an earthquake
• The higher the magnitude number, the greater the magnitude of the earthquake
• The strongest ever recorded magnitude of an earthquake was 9.5 which occurred in 1960 in Chile, South America according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS)
• Types of seismic waves

  • Primary (P) waves: Fastest waves that compress and expand rocks in the direction of wave propagation
  • Secondary (S) waves: Slower waves that shake the ground perpendicular to their direction of travel
  • Surface waves: Slowest waves that move along the Earth's surface and cause the most damage
• Seismograph


  Consists of a stationary base and a suspended weight or mass that remains stationary during an earthquake but records the motion of the ground
• Earthquake hazards and effects

  • Ground shaking: Up and down lateral movement of shaking of the ground
  • Ground rupture: Offset or deformation of the land surface due to movement of the fault
  • Liquefaction: Mixing of body of sediments (sand or soil) and ground water, causing the ground to become soft and unable to support structures
  • Tsunami: Series of waves generated by an earthquake that occurs below or near the ocean floor
  • Landslide: Mass movement of rocks, soil, and debris down the slope primarily due to the action of gravity
  • Fire: Associated with broken gas pipes and damaged electrical lines as a result of damages caused by ground shaking of buildings and other infrastructure
• Types of tsunami

  • Local tsunami: Generated within a hundred kilometers from the source and is confined to coasts
  • Far field or distant tsunami: Tsunami waves that can travel 1 to 24 hours before reaching the coastlines of nearby countries
• What to do BEFORE an earthquake

  • Be familiarized with the emergency exit routes
  • Determine the earthquake hazards in your house, community, and school
  • Check the structural integrity of buildings and houses, do repairs
  • Prepare a first aid kit or a survival kit
  • Familiarize yourself with the location of fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms, and communication facilities
  • Secure heavy furniture and cabinets to the wall
  • Check the stability of hanging objects such as chandeliers and ceiling fans
  • Conduct and participate in regular earthquake drills
• What to do DURING an earthquake

  • Inside a building or house: Do the "Duck, Cover, and Hold on" protocol, do not use the elevator, stay away from glass windows, heavy and falling objects, if safe, go outside and evacuate to an open space or area

  Outdoors: Stay away from powerlines, walls, trees, posts, and other structures that could collapse, move away from mountains or near steep slopes for possible earthquake-induced landslides, if in a beach or coastal area, move quickly to higher ground for a possible tsunami, if in a moving vehicle, stop and get out, beware of overpasses or flyovers that can collapse
• What to do AFTER an earthquake

  • Check yourself and other people for injuries, help the injured if possible

  Check for any damages in water and electrical lines, check for gas leaks

  Assess the structural integrity of the building and don't enter damaged buildings

  Check if there are any fires

  Be prepared for aftershocks, don't go back immediately inside a building, and don't use elevators

  Stay in an open space or area

  Be updated with the latest information about the earthquake using battery-operated radios
• Disaster


  Sudden calamity that causes great loss, injury, destruction, and devastation to life and property
• Hazard


  Warning of a potential danger
• Risk


  Degree of danger
• Vulnerability

  Likeness that assets will be damaged when exposed to hazard
• Exposure

  Attributes that could be affected by a hazard
• Republic Act 10121 is to immediately release calamity funds to local government units (LGUs) so they can prepare for disaster mitigation and preparedness
• Disaster risk


  Potential loss of properties, life, injury which could occur in a specific period of time
• Effects of disasters

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
• Perspectives of disaster effects

  • Physical
  • Psychological
  • Sociocultural
  • Economic
  • Political
  • Biological
• UNDRR

  United Nations for Disaster Risk Reduction
• Vulnerability


  Condition determined by such factors that increase the susceptibility of an individual, community, assets, or systems to the impacts of a hazard
• Exposure


  Elements at risk that can be affected by hazards that are subject to potential losses
• Categories of exposed elements

  • Physical
  • Societal
  • Economic
  • Environmental
• Groups with higher vulnerability

  • Children
  • Senior citizens
  • Women
  • Persons with disability (PWD)
  • Ethnic minorities
  • Urban poor
• Hazards


  Potential to cause destruction