chapter 13 s + society

• sporting development continuum = participation in various forms of physical activity at various stages of development
• physical recreation = the active aspect of leisure, emphasis is on participation and taking part in physical activity without the focus of winning
• leisure = free time which can be spent passively or actively
• characteristics of physical recreation:

  1. fun and nonserious, winning is not important
  2. physically energetic
  3. voluntary
  4. participation ranges from children to the elderly
  5. flexible In nature, no enforced rules
  6. self officiated/self regulated
• physical recreation is good for increasing self-confidence and self-esteem, and stress reduction occurs. Also, it develops skills and fitness as well as social skills, and a sense of enjoyment is gained
• physical recreation is good for society because an increase in health and fitness reduces strain on the NHS and it improves social integration and community cohesion. It can also decrease crime rates and create a more socially inclusive society
• key characteristics of sport:

  1. highly structured and has set rules
  2. involves specialist equipment
  3. officials are present who are trained and appointed
  4. strategies and tactics are used
  5. rewards are received as success
  6. high levels of skills and commitment
  7. serious and competitive
• benefits of sports participation for society:

  1. the strain on the NHS reduced
  2. social control is increased
  3. social integration and morale are increased
  4. employment opportunities increased
  5. economic benefits result
  6. equality of opportunity
• national curriculum for physical education established in 1988 education reform act
• key characteristics of PE:

  1. compulsory
  2. involves formally taught lessons
  3. 4 key stages from ages 5-16
  4. begins at primary school / foundation level
  5. teachers in charge to deliver lessons
  6. lessons are pre-planned and are highly structured
  7. is in school time
• objectives of national curriculum pe:

  1. mental, physical and social skills development
  2. active leisure
  3. leadership and teamwork skills
  4. health and fitness
  5. increase self esteem
  6. awareness of safety and decision making
• pe departments within schools struggle with lack of time in the curriculum, financial issues to fund activities and there can be a lack of qualified and motivated staff
• school sport = extracurricular competitive sport where students represent the school at a district, county or regional level
• school sport partnerships = creation of increased opportunities for school sport via primary schools working together with secondary schools and further education providers
• triangular model of PE in schools
• similarities of physical recreation and sport:

  1. both increase health and fitness
  2. both help achieve goals and aims and improve confidence
• differences between physical recreation and sport:

  1. sport has external officials and strict rules
  2. sport has a high commitment level
  3. emphasis on result is different
• similarities between physical recreation and physical education:

  1. both develop physical skills
  2. both are highly energetic and enjoyable
• differences between physical recreation and physical education:

  1. pe is compulsory
  2. pe is formal teaching and learning
  3. structure and organisation is different
• similarities between pe and school sports:

  1. pe is in school time and school sport is in clubs
  2. school sport is for the chosen few, the selected team
  3. pe is teacher led
  4. school sport is specialised activity
• talent identification = multi disciplinary screening of athletes in order to identify those with the potential for world-class success
• elite = the best, highest level of sports performers at 'excellence' level
• on a personal level, talented performers need to be goal orientated, have good communication, offer opinions and listen and act on advice given by coaches, team and mentors
• key personal factors and qualities necessary to develop as an elite performer:

  1. commitment and self-discipline
  2. determination to succeed and mentally tough
  3. highly motivated with the desire to achieve
  4. high pain tolerance
  5. high levels of self confidence and self efficacy
  6. highly skilled physically
  7. high level of physical fitness
• socio-economic status = an individuals position in the social structure which depends on their job, level of income and area they live in
• participation and progress in sports can cost a lot of money so an individual's socioeconomic status is an important factor in them achieving their full potential
• presence or absence of equal opportunities policies and anti-discriminatory practice withing the sport an individual is in can affect elite progression, and barriers such as sexism and racism can have an influence
• sports equity = fairness in sports, equality of access for all, recognizing inequalities in sports and taking steps to address them
• if sporting exprience is positive in school they are more likely to progress into a high level, and educational providers should provide the opportunity to progress through structured levels of competition
• level of media coverage a sport has can influence its initial status with youngsters and their willing to participate, the absence or presence of role models to aspire to can be an important social factor
• social and cultural factors necessary to develop as an elite performer:

  1. high socio-economic status
  2. evidence of equal opportunities and anti-discriminatory practice
  3. high quality education
  4. structured levels of competition to progress through
  5. high levels of media coverage and role models to aspire to
• national governing body (NGB) = an organization that has responsibility for managing its sport, e.g Swim England
• UK sports main aim is to strategically invest and distribute National Lottery funding for elite performer development, and this is done through 2 channels
• UK sport must provide funding to NGBs so they can operate a World Class Programme (WPC) covering all sports
• UK sport can also maximise UK performance by providing funding directly to the athletes via an Athlete Performance Award which contributes to living and sporting costs at an elite level
• UK Sport is the lead agency involved in running talent id programmes with the EIS providing venues
• personal lifestyle advice has been developed by UK sport and delivered at national institutes of sport to help with mentor support and advice on issues such as time management, budgets etc.
• a national institute of sport is the England Institute of Sport (EIS), it is owned by UK Sport and provides services to NGBs such as performance analysis and sports medicine. It is UK Sport's science team behind excellence in sport and main aim is to provide best facilities
• EIS operates high-performance centers as well as other training bases, high level coaches work with the performers to help optimize training and improve performance in competition
• EIS provides sport science as it helps evaluate training as it happens, allowing coaches and athletes to monitor impact of training, and includes performance nutrition and psychology