ORGCHEM(01)

• The science of chemistry is the science of everything - stars, computer hard drives, desks, and our bodies are all made up of different arrangements of atoms that are bonded together, breaking apart, or reacting with each other all the time
• Organic chemistry is the study of molecules that have carbon atoms
• Catenation


  Carbon often bonds to itself, forming long chains and complex structures
• Organic compounds


  • Dodecane (long chain of carbons and hydrogens)
  • Anthracene (ring of carbons)
  • Estradiol (complex structure with multiple rings and other atoms)
• Organic chemicals are pretty much everywhere
• The term "organic chemistry" was coined by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who discovered several elements and came up with the modern chemical symbols
• Organic chemistry used to refer to the study of chemical compounds extracted from living things, but now it includes man-made polymers like plastics
• Organic chemistry is carbon-centric - carbon is the key atom in all these molecules, and carbon atoms do some very predictable things, like make four bonds
• Lewis structure


  Illustrates what atoms are connected and shows all of the bonds and lone pairs of electrons in a molecule
• Organic compounds

  • Propane (C3H8)
  • Octane (C8H18)
  • Iso-octane
• Condensed structural formula


  Groups all of the hydrogens together next to the carbons they're bonded to, instead of drawing each one separately
• Skeletal formula/line-angle formula


  Removes all the carbons and their attached hydrogens, leaving behind a skeleton of lines representing bonds
• Heteroatoms are atoms in organic molecules other than carbon and hydrogen
• Organic compounds with heteroatoms

  • Aspartame (artificial sweetener)
• Functional groups are the parts of an organic structure that are non-carbon atoms or have double and triple bonds, where the cool chemistry happens
• Organic compounds are real things that we use on a daily basis, like retinal in our eyes, polymers in electronics, and dyes in food and fabrics
• An important breakthrough in polymer chemistry in the 1970s was how to make plastics conduct electricity, enabling lightweight laptops, tablets, and phones
• Light-emitting polymers are responsible for full color displays in electronics
• Many natural things like flowers, fruits, and vegetables are colored because of organic compounds, like betanin in beets
• IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
• IUPAC

  -The guiding organization for chemical nomenclature.
• HYDROCARBONS

  -Simplest organic molecules

  -only have hydrogens and carbons
• Types of hydrocarbons:

  -alkanes

  -alkenes

  -alkynes

  -aromatic