Structure of cholorplasts and photosynthesis

• What is the place where most photosynthesis occur on the overall structure of a plant?

  Leaves
• What are 3 highly specialized structures in leaves that maximize the plants ability for photosynthesis, and why are they important?

  Mesophyll cells, Pores that allow CO2 in and O2 & H2O out, and veins.
• What is the yellow space, black lines, white space,

  green space?

  A) inter-membrane space

  B) stroma

  C) lumen of thylakoid

  D) cytoplasm

  E) thylakoid membrane

  F) inner membrane

  G) outer membrane

  
• What are the three main biological pigments in chloroplasts?


  chlorophyll a, chlorophyl b, and carotenoids.
• What is the difference between chlorophyll a and b?

  a has CHO, and b has CH3.
• What is the purpose of carotenoids?

  absorb and dissipate excess light energy
• What colors do chloroplasts best work in?

  blue and red light
• What was T. Engelman experiments?

  He used a prism to illuminate an algea filament with the visible light spectrum, and added aerobic bacteria and congregated at the opposite end of the spectrums but not at the green light, proving pigments do not absorb light.
• Basic photosynthesis diagram

  
• Where does photosynthesis begin in chloroplasts?

  Photosystem II, here photon light excites an electron in a pigment molecule to a higher energy state, then passes the energy(not e-) to other pigment molecules until they get to a primary receptor.
• What does the primary receptor do?

  A two special chlorophyll molecule that pass their electrons.
• Where do the electron replacement for the photosystem II come from?

  Water molecule, when it splits into 2. 2 water molecules create 1 O2
• Where are the high energy electrons held in the primary receptor passed to?

  Electron transport pathway
• What are the electrons passed to the electron pathway in photosystem II used for?

  To pump H+ ions to the thylakoid lumen
• What happens to the H+ ions after being put in the thylakoid lumen?

  They pump via passive transport to the stroma
• Where does photosystem II pass its electrons to?

  Photosystem I
• What does the 2nd electron transport chain in Photosystem I use the electrons for?

  Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
• What are the net results of mediated photosystems I, and II?

  ATP and NADPH
• Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

  Stroma of the chloroplast.
• What are the three phases of the Calvin Cyle?

  Carbon fixation, reduction by NADPH, regeneration of CO2 acceptor.
• What is the actual sugar molecule built in the Calvin cycle?

  G3P, not glucose.
• What does the carbon fixation in Calvin cycle do?

  3 CO2 molecules are each attached to a 5-carbon sugar(RuBP), then catalyzed by Rubisco
• What is the intermediate of Rubisco catalyzing RuBP?

  6 carbon intermediates that break into 2 3-phosphoglycerate molecules.
• In the reduction phase of NADPH in the Calvin cylce, what is the first step?

  Metabolize the 6 3-phosphoglycerate molecules to create 6 G3P molecules.
• What two things do each G3P molecule need in the reduction phase?

  1 ATP and 1 NADPH spent
• Of the 6 G3P molecules generated in the Calvin cycle, how many were used?

  1
• What happens in the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle?

  5 G3P molecules are regenerated to build 3 RuBP molecules.
• How many molecules of ATP must be hydrolized in the regeneration phase of the calvin cycle?

  3, 1 per each RuBP molecule produced.
• What did C. van Niel at Stanford discover?

  A bacteria that consumed H2S instead of H20, this suggested H2S was being split.