Drafting

• Basic Drafting Tool, Equipment, and Materials

  • Drawing Instruments
  • 450 mm x 600mm drawing board
  • 600mm T-Square
  • Parallel Rule
  • Angles
  • Protractor
  • Metric scale
  • Compass
  • Divider
  • Pencil
  • Eraser
  • Erasing Shield
  • Cutter
  • Dusting Brush
  • French Curve
  • Flexi Curve
  • Templates
  • Drafting Machine

  
• 450 mm x 600mm drawing board


  • Provides a straight working edge necessary for constructing horizontal and vertical lines
  • Made of Masonite and hard plastic
  • Recommend size for student is 450mm x 600mm
  • Sheet can be fixed to the drawing board using a drafting tape

  
• 600mm T-Square


  • Used to construct horizontal lines
  • Serve as based for triangles when drawing vertical lines
  • Blade and head (2 parts)
  • Accuracy dependent on the straightness of the drawing boards edge
  • Edge along the blade should be free of nicks
  • Transparent blade is recommended since it permits the drafter to see drawing around the lines being drawn

  
• Parallel Rule


  • Replaces the T-Square
  • Moves up and down by means of pulleys and guide ropes
  • Guide rope or wire keep it in parallel position
  • It can moved with one hand without losing its parallel
  • It does not have a head like T-square
• Angles


  • Used for drawing vertical lines with T-Square or parallel rule as the horizontal support
  • 15,30,45, and 75 degree lines to the horizontal are constructed by using one or both of the triangles
  • Made of transparent plastic so that lines of the drawing can be seen through them
  • Used to draw angles other that the usual 15 degree increments
  • The proper angles can be set and other lines can be drawn parallel to the set angle
  • Adjustable triangle are graduated in half degree
  • Movable portion of the triangle is held n position by a screw

  
• Protractor


  • Used to measure and draw angles not visible by 15 degrees when neither 30-60-90 degree nor the 45-45-90 degree triangle can be used

  
• Metric scale


  • Used to reproduced the dimension of an object in a full, reduced or enlarged size on a drawing
  • Scaling measurement should always think and speak of each dimension as a full size
  • Scale often constructed with multiple scales indicated on an edge
• Compass


  • Used for drawing circles and arcs
  • Various compass with a lengthening bar and a pen attachment used for drawing large arcs and circles
  • Pen or technical pen can be attached to this compass with the use of special attachment
  • Extension beam or the lengthening bar is used for even larger circles
  • Smaller bow compasses are used for smaller work
  • Quick change features with replaceable drawing points
  • Can be used for pencil or inking purpose

  
• Pencil


  • Graphite lead pencils the basic instrument in mechanical drawing
  • Comes in varying degrees of hardness
  • Graded in numbers and letters from 6B, very soft and black to 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, and HB to F the medium grade; then H, 2H, 3H, 4H,5H, 6H, 7H and 8H to 9H, the hardest
  • The soft (B) grades are used for sketching and rendering hard
  • The (H) grades for instrument drawing
• Precision inking tools


  • Comes with points of varying thickness from 0.10mm to 2.0mm depending on the line required
  • It has ink cartridges
  • Can be used for a long time before refilling
  • Should be in a vertical position
  • Speed must remain constant to obtain a line to uniform width and straightness
• Eraser


  • Hard rubber eraser used to remove dark heavy lines
  • Soft rubber eraser used to remove light lines to clean smudges
  • Vinyl used to remove plastic lead lines from polyester drawing film
  • Special ink eraser used to remove ink lines on paper and drafting films

  
• Erasing Shield


  • Made of thin flat metal or plastic with cutouts
  • It has various of shapes
  • Place the shield over the line to be erased and erase through the shield
• Cutter


  • Are various tools used for creating sharp conical pencil points
  • When sharpening lead point, care should be taken to keep the graphite away from the drawing
• Dusting Brush


  • Used to remove loose dirt particles that collect on the drawing
  • Removing the dirt with your hands may create smudges on the drawing paper
• French Curve


  • Made of clear plastic and used for drawing a no circular Curve
  • Points showing the direction of the curve are pencils in
• Flexi Curve


  • Used for drawing irregular curves
  • Made of rubber or plastic outer shell with flexible metal inner spine
  • Can bent into various shapes
• Templates


  • Used for drafting symbols or repetitive figures
  • Greatly facilitate drawing speed and precision
  • Made of clear plastic and come in a variety of symbols ( curves, hexagon, bolt heads, and nuts, circle thread forms, chemical apparatus, electrical symbols, etc. )

  
• Proper use and Care of Drafting Materials and Equipment

  1. Do not roll your instrument over a drawing paper. Lift them.

  2. Use a drafting tape in fixing a drafting sheet to the drawing board so as not to damage the boards surface the way thumbtacks do.

  3. Before using the T-Square, test the working edge of the board.

  4. The T-Square must be perpendicular to its heead.

  5. The T-Square should never be used as a cutting edge for a slight Nick will ruin it.

  
• Good Working Habits


  1. Never sharpen a pencil over a drawing paper.

  2. Always start with very light construction lines and apply the appropriate line weights when you are definite about the figures.

  3. Minimize the use of an eraser.

  4. Use the dusting brush to remove eraser crumbs and other particles from the drawing surface. Using the palm of the hand, tissue paper, or rags can leave smudges on the surface.

  5. Keep a cloth or a piece of clay handy to wife the excess graphite powder from a newly sharpened lead.
• Basic Drafting Tool, Equipment, and Materials

  • Drawing Instruments
  • 450 mm x 600mm drawing board
  • 600mm T-Square
  • Parallel Rule
  • Angles
  • Protractor
  • Metric scale
  • Compass
  • Divider
  • Pencil
  • Eraser
  • Erasing Shield
  • Cutter
  • Dusting Brush
  • French Curve
  • Flexi Curve
  • Templates
  • Drafting Machine

  
• 450 mm x 600mm drawing board


  • Provides a straight working edge necessary for constructing horizontal and vertical lines
  • Made of Masonite and hard plastic
  • Recommend size for student is 450mm x 600mm
  • Sheet can be fixed to the drawing board using a drafting tape

  
• 600mm T-Square


  • Used to construct horizontal lines
  • Serve as based for triangles when drawing vertical lines
  • Blade and head (2 parts)
  • Accuracy dependent on the straightness of the drawing boards edge
  • Edge along the blade should be free of nicks
  • Transparent blade is recommended since it permits the drafter to see drawing around the lines being drawn

  
• Parallel Rule


  • Replaces the T-Square
  • Moves up and down by means of pulleys and guide ropes
  • Guide rope or wire keep it in parallel position
  • It can moved with one hand without losing its parallel
  • It does not have a head like T-square
• Angles


  • Used for drawing vertical lines with T-Square or parallel rule as the horizontal support
  • 15,30,45, and 75 degree lines to the horizontal are constructed by using one or both of the triangles
  • Made of transparent plastic so that lines of the drawing can be seen through them
  • Used to draw angles other that the usual 15 degree increments
  • The proper angles can be set and other lines can be drawn parallel to the set angle
  • Adjustable triangle are graduated in half degree
  • Movable portion of the triangle is held n position by a screw

  
• Protractor


  • Used to measure and draw angles not visible by 15 degrees when neither 30-60-90 degree nor the 45-45-90 degree triangle can be used

  
• Metric scale


  • Used to reproduced the dimension of an object in a full, reduced or enlarged size on a drawing
  • Scaling measurement should always think and speak of each dimension as a full size
  • Scale often constructed with multiple scales indicated on an edge

  
• Compass


  • Used for drawing circles and arcs
  • Various compass with a lengthening bar and a pen attachment used for drawing large arcs and circles
  • Pen or technical pen can be attached to this compass with the use of special attachment
  • Extension beam or the lengthening bar is used for even larger circles
  • Smaller bow compasses are used for smaller work
  • Quick change features with replaceable drawing points
  • Can be used for pencil or inking purpose

  
• Pencil


  • Graphite lead pencils the basic instrument in mechanical drawing
  • Comes in varying degrees of hardness
  • Graded in numbers and letters from 6B, very soft and black to 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, and HB to F the medium grade; then H, 2H, 3H, 4H,5H, 6H, 7H and 8H to 9H, the hardest
  • The soft (B) grades are used for sketching and rendering hard
  • The (H) grades for instrument drawing

  
• Precision inking tools


  • Comes with points of varying thickness from 0.10mm to 2.0mm depending on the line required
  • It has ink cartridges
  • Can be used for a long time before refilling
  • Should be in a vertical position
  • Speed must remain constant to obtain a line to uniform width and straightness
• Eraser


  • Hard rubber eraser used to remove dark heavy lines
  • Soft rubber eraser used to remove light lines to clean smudges
  • Vinyl used to remove plastic lead lines from polyester drawing film
  • Special ink eraser used to remove ink lines on paper and drafting films

  
• Erasing Shield


  • Made of thin flat metal or plastic with cutouts
  • It has various of shapes
  • Place the shield over the line to be erased and erase through the shield
• Cutter


  • Are various tools used for creating sharp conical pencil points
  • When sharpening lead point, care should be taken to keep the graphite away from the drawing
• Dusting Brush


  • Used to remove loose dirt particles that collect on the drawing
  • Removing the dirt with your hands may create smudges on the drawing paper
• French Curve


  • Made of clear plastic and used for drawing a no circular Curve
  • Points showing the direction of the curve are pencils in
• Flexi Curve


  • Used for drawing irregular curves
  • Made of rubber or plastic outer shell with flexible metal inner spine
  • Can bent into various shapes
• Templates


  • Used for drafting symbols or repetitive figures
  • Greatly facilitate drawing speed and precision
  • Made of clear plastic and come in a variety of symbols ( curves, hexagon, bolt heads, and nuts, circle thread forms, chemical apparatus, electrical symbols, etc. )

  
• Do not roll your instrument over a drawing paper. Lift them.
• Use a drafting tape in fixing a drafting sheet to the drawing board so as not to damage the boards surface the way thumbtacks do.
• Before using the T-Square, test the working edge of the board.
• The T-Square must be perpendicular to its head.