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• Anthropology


  Came from the latin word anthropos - man, and greek word logos - to study
• Anthropology


  • Helps us to understand our holistic identity
  • Branch of social science that deals with all aspects of human beings including their biological evolution and social and cultural features that definitively distinguish humans from other animal species
  • Encompasses a group of more specific and specialized fields
• Branches of anthropology

  • Physical anthropology
  • Social anthropology
  • Cultural anthropology
  • Psychological anthropology
  • Linguistic anthropology
  • Archaeology
• Physical anthropology

  • Focuses on the biological and evolutionary framework of humanity
  • Focuses on greater information and details about the human evolution
• Archaeology


  • Investigates prehistoric cultures as its primary focus: an essential part of psychology since it became a separate and distinct discipline in the end of the 19th century
  • The material remains or artifacts helped social scientists to validate, describe, and analyze the kind of culture and society humans made through the course of history
• The discipline of anthropology is the fruit of scientific developments in the western world through the ground breaking work of the Charles darwin's "On the origin of species" (1859)
• Darwin's idea not only opened the new avenues of disciplines under natural science but also accelerated the pace of socio-cultural studies
• Darwin inspired a group of enthusiasts and intellectuals: Spencer, Morgan, Tylor who concluded that evolution did not limit itself in the biological aspect of human but can also be seen extending to cultural life
• Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)


  Introduced participant observation as a method of studying culture
• Participant observation

  • Defined as "open-ended inductive long-term living with and among the people to be studied, the sole purpose of which is to achieve an understanding of local knowledge, values, and practices from the native's point of view"
  • This method allows allows the researcher to obtain a close familiarity within a group of people and their practices by means of a rigorous involvement to them and to their environment over a long period of time
• Franz Boas (1858-1942)


  • Father of American Anthropology
  • His works focused on rejecting the biological basis of racism or racial discrimination
  • He rejected the western idea of social evolution: he favored historical particularism
  • He advocated cultural relativism or the complexity of all culture whether primitive or not
• Historical particularism


  Assumes that each society has a unique and different form of culture that cannot be incorporated under a predominant culture
• Culture


  Comes from the latin word cultura- cultivation. British anthropologist Edward B. Tylor (1832-1917) from his book primitive culture (1871) first gave the definition of culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and all aspects of man as a member of society"
• Branches of anthropology

  • Cultural anthropology
  • Linguistic anthropology
  • Archaeology
  • Biological anthropology
  • Applied anthropology
• Cultural anthropology


  • The study of people with their variations and progress in terms of culture
  • Deals with the description and analysis of the forms and styles of social life of past and present ages
• Linguistic anthropology


  • Study of language mainly but not exclusively among humans
  • Deals with the study of study of communications: origins, history, and contemporary variation
• Archaeology


  • Study of past human cultures through their material remains
  • Also the study of past human culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts
• Biological anthropology


  Study of humans as biological organisms, including their evolution and contemporary variation
• Applied anthropology


  They analyze social, political, and economic problems and develop solutions to respond to present problems
• Sociology

  • Came from the latin word socius: companion and greek word logos: to study
  • Individual behavior may differ when he will be included into a group thus, making this event a remarkable beginning of one of the pioneer disciplines under social sciences
  • Tends to answer the social and political issues in modern period
  • It is a systematic study of human relationship along with human society and interaction
  • Delves into social problems that affect behavior of an individual nd a group
  • It addresses solutions to mitigate the phenomenon which cannot be explained by mere physical experiments and investigations
  • Full of complexities that it uses different methods and strategies to study a wide range of disciple with its application to the real world
• From the ancient times, the complexities of human relationship and their societies fascinated few people to put this into understanding
• Auguste Comte (1798-1857)


  • Coined the term sociology in 1838
  • He also introduced the term positivism through his book entitled course on positive philosophy (1830-1842) and system of positive polity (1851-1854)
  • He said that the use of scientific methods to present the laws in which societies and individuals interact would propel in a new "positivist" age of history. It allowed sociologists to study society scientifically through evidences, experiments, and statistics to clearly see the operations of the society
• Karl Marx (1919-1883)

  • German philosopher and economist
  • Made the communist manifesto (1848) with Friedrich engels (1820-1895)
  • This book presents marx's theory of society, which is different from the pov of comte
  • He disagreed with comte's positivism and believed that societies developed and progressed because of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production
• Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)


  • Through his efforts the professionalization of sociology made it through the University of bordeaux in 1985
  • He defended sociology as a separate and independent field from psychology
  • Notable works: The division of labor in society (1893) which tackles the transformation of a society from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society
  • Published a work titled Suicide (1897) where he searched different police districts to study suicide statistics that would reveal differences from the communities of catholics and protestants
  • The differences observed were linked to socio religious forces rather than psychological causes of each person
• Max Weber (1864-1920)


  • Emphasized the role of rationalization in the development of society
  • Refers essentially to the disenchantment of the world
  • As the world progressed, people began to justify and adopt scientific and rational attitude towards understanding the workings of the world
  • With this view, modern people became so rigid on science
  • Introduced bureaucracy as an application of scientific way of life
  • Bureaucracy efficiency possesses supreme value, other values such as personal relationship and intimacies are gradually rejected
• Generally, sociology is the study of society. Society is where social interactions occur. Their members interact with one another and cooperate to achieve objectives collectively that they could not achieve as individuals
• Areas of sociology

  • Social organization
  • Social psychology
  • Human ecology
  • Applied sociology
  • Population studies
  • Social change
  • Sociological theory and research
• Culture and society are not the same thing
• Cultures

  Connections of behavior patterns and perceptions
• Societies


  • Formed through interacting organisms within a group
  • Not limited to humans: all organisms possessing skills in interacting: schools of fish, flocks of birds, hives of bees
• Human societies

  • Social interaction plays a very important role
  • A skill needed for the survival of culture that must be transferred to another
• Culture

  • Generic term but difficult to define
  • Scholars and social scientists very different perspectives on how to define it
• Matthew Arnold in his "Culture and Anarchy" (1867)


  Culture/high culture is a product of a special intellectual or artistic endeavor humans had invented - as opposed to popular culture (/folkways)
• Kroeber & Kluckhohn (1952)


  Defined culture is composed of behavior(explicit and implicit) acquired and transmitted through symbols. It is a human group that includes their distinctive achievements and embodiment in artifacts, traditional and historical ideas, and formation of values. They added that culture systems can be considered as a product of action from conditional elements of a society
• Schwartz (1992)


  Stated that culture consists of experiences that are organized, learned or created by the individuals of a population, including those images and images adding up to their unique interpretations transmitted from the past generations up to the future
• Aspects of culture

  • Dynamic, flexible, and adaptive
  • Shared and contested
  • Learned through socialization of enculturation
  • Patterned social interactions
  • Integrated and at times unstable
  • Transmitted through socialization/enculturation
  • Requires language and other forms of communication
• Types of culture

  • Material culture
  • Non-material culture
• Material culture

  • Food
  • Clothing and fashion
  • Buildings and properties
  • Arts and technology
• Non-material culture


  • Ideas and knowledge
  • Beliefs and traditions
  • Symbols and language
  • Behavior
  • Religion
• Elements of culture

  • Norms
  • Symbols
  • Values