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• Evolution Theory

  All forms of life started from simple forms and transformed to complex ones
• Charles Darwin


  Naturalist and biologist known for his theory of evolution and the process of natural selection
• Charles Darwin published 'On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection'
• Natural Selection


  • Explains how species evolved and how they adapt to their environment
  • Components: Variation, Inheritance, Survival of the Fittest
• Cultural evolution refers to the changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture
• Parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger while those that are not often used deteriorate
• Inheritance of acquired characteristics means that individuals could pass acquired traits on to their offspring, enabling the species to change over time
• Australopithecines

  Bipedal, brain 1/3 size of modern humans, Lucy is part of this group
• Homo habilis


  Handy man, first maker of stone tools, increased cranial capacity, smaller molar and premolar teeth, human-like foot, slightly larger brain
• Homo erectus


  Prominent brow ridges, retreating forehead, angled rear skull, larger brain
• Homo sapiens


  Large brain size (1400cc), lived in shelters, food gatherers, ate plants and fruits, hunted animals, made more sophisticated and smoothened tools, first to develop and use oral language, robust cranial vault with a massive arched brow ridge, limb bones robustly built, front teeth larger than modern humans, flattened cranial base
• Homo erectus was believed to be the first homo to use language for exchanging ideas, cooperative hunting, giving names to objects, places, animals, and plants, and developing different rituals particularly for burial purposes
• Some anthropologists believed that Homo sapiens was the first to use oral language because of their more developed brain and speech organs
• Hominid teeth

  • Large in size, flat molar teeth, used for hunting animals, fighting male rivals, fighting off predators, protecting from external factors
• Australopithecines

  • Had large grinding teeth with thick enamel used in cracking nuts and dry seeds
• Bipedalism


  • Freed hands to make and use tools, stretch to get fruits, stand and see over tall grass, increased locomotor efficiency
• Bipedalism evolved as they had to use their hands as a tool defense for hunting, carrying objects, and protection from shoreline predators
• Tabon Man


  Oldest confirmed modern human in the Philippines, dating back to 16,500 years ago
• Homo Luzonensis


  New species of human discovered in Callao Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan Valley, Philippines, lived around 50,000 to 67,000 years ago
• The Prehistoric Period dates from 2.5 million years ago to 1,200 B.C. with evidence of humans creating and using stone tools
• Prehistoric Periods


  • Paleolithic Period or Old Stone Age
  • Metal Age
  • Neolithic Period or New Stone Age
• Paleolithic Period


  • Humans used stones found in nature, produced fire, created basic stone tools and stone art, produced durable products for self-expression
• Neolithic Period


  • Used polished and bladed stones, started agriculture, established permanent villages, more domestication of animals, appearance of crafts like pottery and weaving
• Metal Age

  • Began consciously producing metals, changes in settlement organization, ritual life, and interaction between societies
• Copper Age


  • Used copper for jewelry, weapons, and implements, developed art of smelting and molding copper
• Bronze Age


  • Combining copper, tin, and bronze to make more durable weapons, invention of wheel and ox-drawn plow
• Iron Age


  • Metals replaced bronze in making weapons, iron found to be the strongest metal, rapid and widespread export of iron metallurgy and objects
• Societies were named according to the kind of tools they used during their time
• The development of early human society from stone tools to metal tools shows the skills of human adaptability
• The discovery of making fire through rubbing stones together allowed hominins to cook food, sleep on the ground or in caves, and perform rituals
• Early humans learned to make clothes by sewing animal skin together using bone needles, and later used linens and wool
• Prehistoric cave art shows the interaction between primitive ancestors and the world as they perceived it, often depicting animals they hunted
• Cave paintings and engravings were believed to have symbolic or religious function related to shamanic beliefs and practices
• The Iron Age made many countries more technologically advanced, with iron ploughs making farming easier and iron weapons becoming more widely available