Sanctions (up to 1978)

• UN first condemned South Africa in 1952 and demanded Namibian independence in 1966, but South Africa refused, absorbing the territory; the independence movement initiated civil war but South African forces were successful
• The international community used sanctions to stop apartheid as most countries could/wouldn't do anything physically; economic: shutting trade routes and moral: refusing participation in sports and educational links
• By the 1970s, UN membership doubled to over 100, with a non-white nation majority, in 1974 UN completely expelled South Africa
• 1962: UN proposed economic sanctions, cutting off trade links, especially oil (aimed to force South Africa to change or face economic ruin) but 100% support is required for sanctions to work, this looked to be effective but those abroad did not want to upset South Africa through the use of sanctions, Britain, Japan, the USA and Germany continued to trade with South African
• Profitability kept investor interest, in the 1960s there was a 5-7% growth rate; mineral wealth, including diamonds, gold, and rare minerals, boosted foreign investment
• Muldergate Scandal (1978): Mulder, Vorster's right-hand man, secretly received 64 million rands to influence foreigners - Prime Minister Vorster resigned after the revelation of the secret fund; he bought luxury flats for influential figures, bribed politicians for pro-South African speeches and paid magazines to write articles favoring South Africa