Sporting Sanctions

• International sports tours became a cultural identity focal point for whites so in 1964 to oppose apartheid, suspension from the International Olympic Committee and Tokyo Olympic Games
• 1967: South Africa announced the inability of "coloured" players in English cricket tour against all-white teams; British outrage was strongly influenced by political leftists and those disliking the imposition of apartheid - England cancelled this and the South African cricket tour to England in 1970 due to rugby demonstrations
• By 1970, South African sport was isolated from international competition yet Afrikaners' influence remained strong and rugby became crucial for the anti-apartheid movement
• 1969-70 Springbok rugby tour of Great Britain - National South African rugby union team, made entirely of Afrikaners, faced political opposition by the left after the tour announcement, but the right defended the tour
• Protests across Britain aimed to cancel South Africa's cricket tour, (had Catholic Church support, added legitimacy); they invaded rugby pitches during matches, placing sharp drawing pins, kept out by barbed wire
• December 1969: a few Springbok players boarded a hijacked bus, which crashed, the campaign was successful, known as one of the most bitter sporting tours