Respiratory 1 and 2

• Increased PSNS


  Causes vasodilation
• Stress


  Can cause asthma due to this
• Shunt


  1. Process of blood being sent from poorly ventilated alveoli to well ventilated alveoli in other parts of the lungs

  2. Decreased Q in the hyperventilated area that can cause hypoxemia
• Bases


  • Area of lungs that has higher Q and lower V
• Apices


  • Area of the lungs that has lower Q and higher V
• Alveolar size is why apices have higher ventilation than bases
• V/Q mismatch


  Most common cause of hypoxemia in respiratory disease
• Dead space


  This is created by decreased Q in an area creating inadequate exchange
• Emphysema


  • Lung disease that slowly damages blood vessels in lungs to create dead space
• Silent Unit


  V/Q mismatch caused by a ventilation and perfusion issue
• Physiological dead space


  Sum of anatomical dead space like tracheal, bronchiolar, and alveolar dead space
• Pulmonary hypertension


  • Common cause of dead space due to inability to get blood around pulmonary circulation
• Elastase


  Enzyme released in pulmonary emphysema that eats up elastin and decrease alveolar surface area
• Emphysema


  • Respiratory disease that causes decreased gas exchange due to loss in alveolar surface area in response to irritants
• A PE creates dead space distal to the clot
• Virchow's triad


  The three broad PE risk factor categories which are venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and intimal surgery
• Restrictive


  • Broad respiratory disease class in which lungs have low compliance which means hard to stretch easy to collapse and exhale
• Restrictive


  Lung disease type in which amount of air inhaled is reduced and thus the forced vital capacity is decreased
• Obstructive


  Lung disease in which amount of air is unchanged and thus forced vital capacity exhale is drawn out for a longer period
• Obstructive


  • Broad respiratory disease in which lungs have ok compliance but airways prevent air from moving
• Asthma symptoms


  • Wheezing
  • Cough
  • Edema
• Extrinsic asthma


  Asthma caused by immune reaction to outside irritants
• Pediatric onset


  Other name for extrinsic asthma
• Extrinsic


  Asthma type that is mediated by IgE
• Intrinsic


  Asthma type not mediated by IgE aka non-atopic, adult onset and non-allergic. That is typically seen in middle age
• Intrinsic


  Asthma type categorized by hyper reactive airways that react to internal non-allergenic factors
• Exercise induced asthma


  Asthma type that occurs within minutes of stopping strenuous physical activity and most people with other asthma experience this
• Activities that cause exercise induced asthma

  • Running
  • Jogging
  • Tennis
• Activities that reduce exercise induced asthma

  • Cycling
  • Swimming
• Cold or dry air can also precipitate exercise induced asthma
• Occupational asthma


  Asthma that resembles allergic asthma but is not IgE antibody mediated and may clear after someone stops working and stops exposure to the substances at work
• Aspirin induced asthma


  A form of drug induced asthma that can occur minutes to hours after exposure to the chemical
• PND is also a possible symptom of asthma
• Stress


  Believed to increase PSNS responsiveness and subsequent bronchoconstriction in asthmatics
• Zone 1


  • Larger alveoli that allow for more ventilation and smaller capillaries that allow for less perfusion
• Zone 2


  • Just the right size alveoli and capillaries to achieve optimal V/Q
• Zone 3


  • Small alveoli and larger capillaries
• Hypoventilation


  V/Q issue caused by restrictive and obstructive lung diseases
• Hypoperfusion


  V/Q issue caused by left sided heart failure leading to pulmonary edema, PE, and hypoventilation from diseases like COPD which lead to reflex vasoconstriction and shunting
• Phrenic nerve


  Nerve that controls diaphragm