CogPsych_L3_Memory Processes

• Before information can be stored in an individual's memory, it must first be encoded for storage.
• What are the forms of encoding?

  Short-term storage and long-term storage
• Encoding in short-term memory appears to be primarily ________, but there may be some semantic coding as secondary encoding as well.

  Acoustic
• TRUE OR FALSE:

  We are more prone to forgetting acoustic information than visual information.

  FALSE. We are more prone to forgetting visual information than acoustic information.
• TRUE OR FALSE:

  Most information stored in long-term memory is primarily semantically encoded.

  True
• Semantically encoded means that it is encoded by the meaning of words. However, encoding of information in long-term memory is not exclusively semantic. There is also evidence of visual encoding.
• The ________ ______ __________ ______ and the _____ _______ ____ ____ play an important role both in encoding and retrieval.

  Anterior Medial Prefrontal Cortex and the Right Fusiform Face Area
• The ____ ________ ____ _____ contributes mostly to the encoding processes.

  Left Fusiform Face Area
• Both encoding and retrieval activate the left Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA); the Left PPA is associated with encoding rather than retrieval.
• This covers our memory capacities that support skill and habit learning, perceptual priming, and other forms of behavior, which are expressed through performance rather than recollection.

  Non-Declarative Memory
• This is devoted to processing of names, dates, places, facts, events, and so forth.

  Declarative Memory
• PROCESSES FOR DECLARATIVE MEMORY RETENTION:

  Deliberately attending to information to comprehend it.
• PROCESSES FOR DECLARATIVE MEMORY RETENTION:

  Making connections or associations between the new information and what we already know and understand.
• PROCESSES FOR DECLARATIVE MEMORY RETENTION:

  We make connections by integrating the new data into our existing schemas of stored information.
• PROCESSES FOR DECLARATIVE MEMORY RETENTION:

  This process of integrating new information into stored information is called consolidation,
• It is the process of integrating new information into stored information.

  Consolidation
• This refers to the loss or inability to retrieve information that was previously stored in memory.

  Forgetting
• This refers to the alteration or inaccuracy of memories as they are recalled or reconstructed.

  Memory distortion
• What are the theories of why we forget information stored in working memory?

  Interference theory and Decay theory
• This theory occurs when competing information causes us to forget something.

  Interference Theory
• This refers to the view that forgetting occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words.

  Interference Theory
• What are the two kinds of Interference?

  Retroactive Interference and Proactive Interference
• This occurs when newly acquired knowledge impedes he recall of older material.

  Retroactive Interference
• This is caused by activity occurring after we learn something but before we are asked to recall that thing

  Retroactive Interference
• This occurs when material that was learned in the past impedes the learning of new material

  Proactive Interference
• In this case, the interfering material occurs before, rather than after, learning of the to-be-remembered material

  Proactive Interference
• This theory asserts that information is forgotten because of the gradual disappearance rather than displacement, of the memory trace

  Decay Theory
• This theory views the original piece of information as gradually disappearing unless something is done to keep it intact.

  Decay Theory
• SCHACTER'S SEVEN SINS OF MEMORY:

  1. Transience
  2. Absent-mindedness
  3. Blocking
  4. Misattribution
  5. Suggestibility
  6. Bias
  7. Persistence
• Memory fades quickly

  Transience
• People sometimes brush their teeth after already having brushed them or enter a room looking for something only to discover that they have forgotten what they were seeking.

  Absent-mindedness
• People sometimes have something that they know they should remember, but they can't. It's as though the information is on the tip of their tongue, but they cannot retrieve it.

  Blocking
• People often cannot remember where they heard what they heard or read what they read. Sometimes people think they saw things they did not see or heard things they did not hear.

  Misattribution
• People are susceptible to suggestion, so if it is suggested to them that they saw something, they may think they remember seeing it.

  Suggestibility
• People often are biased in their recall

  Bias
• People sometimes remember things as consequential that, in a broad context, are inconsequential.

  Persistence
• He wondered whether items are retrieved all at once (parallel processing) or sequentially (serial processing)

  Saul Sternberg
• Refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory

  Retrieval
• Process of memory:

  • Encode
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
• Involves retrieving multiple items simultaneously. For example, recalling all the digits in a phone number at once.

  Parallel Processing