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• 1492 - Spanish reach Hispaniola (Columbus)
• → Portugal had rejected Columbus in 1484
• → Hispaniola → modern day Haiti and Dominican Republic
• → Santo Domingo, capital of the Dominican Republic → “first” big colonial city
• The Columbian exchange

  • Fauna and flora
  • Diseases, i.a. smallpox and influenza
  • Hispaniola: 3-4M 1500 -> 15,000 1518 -> 0 by 1570
  • America: 1600 1/10 of 1500
  • New immigration waves
  • White settlers
  • 240,000 Spaniards in 16th and 500,000 in 17th century
  • Deportation of 11M African slaves
  • Ethnic mixes
• 1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas
• Treaty of Tordesillas:

  • A treaty signed in Tordesillas, Spain. Where Spain and Portugal agreed to split the world in 2 parts. One part belonging to Spain and the other to Portugal.
• 1512 - Spanish Reach American Continent (Panama)
• 1521 - Magellan Reaches The Philippines
• Magellan reaches the Philippines, where he dies.

  Elcano continues the expedition and completes the first sail around the world.
• 1565 - Spain reaches North America
• 1571 - Battle of Lepanto
• Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement when a fleet of the holy league inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire.

  → this was a victory for Spain → Charles V. Lepanto
• 1655 - Disintegration of Jamaica by Spain
• 17th century → loss of many Caribbean islands for Spain

  → Jamaica, St. Domingue (Haiti), Guyana, …
• 1750 - Treaty of Madrid
• Treaty of Madrid (1750): correction on Tordesillas

  The line that was drawn in South America before shifts further west, so that the Portuguese have more control of Brazil.

  So the west of the line is for Spain and the east of the line is for Portugal.

  
• 1810 – 1825 - Decolonisation of Latin American, Spain → loss of Latin American continent
• 1810 - Simón Bolívar starts armed struggle against Spain in South America.

  • 1813 - Caracas
  • 1814 - Bogota
• 1816 - Declaration of independent Argentina
• 1819 - Republic of Great Colombia established

  • Colombia gains its independence from the Spanish.
  • But falls apart in 20 years → 1830
• 1821 - New Spanish Constitution + Independence of Mexico
• → a new constitution was issued in Spain, which was too liberal for the elites in New Spain

  → so the elites in New Spain asserted independence, but as a consecrative reaction

  So, Mexico becomes independent in 1821
• 1825 - Republic of Bolivia

  → Simón Bolívar becomes the first president
• 1830 - Disintegration of most of Latin-America

  → first they were the Republic of Great Colombia in 1819

  In 1830 the Republic of Great Columbia disintegrated and became independent countries on their own:

  • Colombia
  • Venezuela
  • Ecuador