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Second Semester
BIO 40 LEC - ZOOLOGY
Lecture 4 - Introduction to Protozoology
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Protozoans
are an extremely diverse assortment of unicellular eukaryotes.
Protozoa
Lack a cell wall
Have at least one motile stage in life cycle
Most ingest their food
Autotrophs
- contain chloroplasts.
Heterotrophs
- absorb organic molecules or
ingest larger food particles.
Phagocytosis
Mixotrophs
- combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.
Free-living and symbiotic species.
Mutualistic
– benefits both.
Commensalistic
– one benefits, the other is neutral.
Parasitic
– one benefits at a cost to the other.
Others use
ameboid
movement
to get around.
A
pseudopod
is extended forward, followed by the rest of the organism.
Pseudopodia
are extensions of the cell cytoplasm used for locomotion.
Nucleus
– contains DNA.
Mitochondria
– organelle used in energy production.
Golgi
– part of the secretory system of the ER.
Plastids
– organelles containing photosynthetic pigments.
Extrusomes
– organelles that extrude something from the cell.
Holozoic feeders
, or
phagotrophs
, ingest particles of food.
Food vacuole
– the membrane-bound vesicle containing the food.
Contractile vacuoles
fill with fluid and then
expel the fluid outside the cell.
Function in osmoregulation.
Fission
is the cell multiplication process in protozoa.
Binary fission
– one individual splits into two equal sized individuals.
Budding
– progeny cell much smaller than parent.
Multiple fission
– multiple nuclear divisions followed by multiple cytoplasmic divisions producing several offspring.
Many protists are able to survive harsh
conditions through the formation of
cysts
, dormant forms with resistant outer coverings and a shutdown of metabolism.
Opisthokonta
is a very large clade characterized by a combination of flattened mitochondrial cristae and one posterior flagellum on flagellated cells.
The clade
Stramenopila
includes several groups of heterotrophs as well as certain groups of algae.
The clade
Viridiplantae
contains unicellular
and multicellular green algae, bryophytes and vascular plants.
Phylum Chlorophyta
– single celled algae colonial forms.
Phylum Euglenozoa
is a diverse clade that includes
predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites. Kinetoplastids & Euglenids.
Euglenids
have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell.
Kinetoplastids
have a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a
kinetoplast.
Phylum Retortamonada
includes commensal and parasitic unicells.
Lack mitochondria & Golgi
Diplomonads
have two nuclei and multiple flagella.
Giardia
Are adapted to anaerobic environments.
Lack plastids.
Lack mitochondria but may have mitochondrial genes in the nucleus.
Members of the clade
Alveolata
have membrane-
bounded sacs (
alveoli
) just under the plasma
membrane.
Members of the phylum
Ciliophora
use cilia to move and feed.
Ciliates
are a large, varied group of protists.
All ciliates have a
kinety
system made up of the cilia, kinetosomes and other fibrils.
Alveolata - Ciliates
Many have structures that can be expelled such as
trichocysts
and
toxicysts.
Suctorians
– ciliates that lose cilia as adults, grow a stalk and become sessile.
Use tubelike tentacles for feeding.
Symbiotic
ciliates – some commensal, others parasitic.
Free-living
ciliates
– may be swimmers, or sessile.
Stentor, Vorticella, Paramecium
Paramecium, as well as many other protists, reproduce asexually by
binary fission.
Conjugation
is a sexual process that produces genetic variation.
Conjugation is separate from reproduction
which generally occurs by
binary
fission.
Phylum
Dinoflagellata
is a diverse group of aquatic photoautotrophs and heterotrophs.
Abundant in both marine and freshwater phytoplankton.
Apicomplexans
are parasites of animals and some cause serious human diseases.
Have a non-photosynthetic plastid, the
apicoplast.
Parabasalids
move by means of flagella and an undulating part of the plasma membrane.
This clade may have diverged from the main eukaryotic clade very early.
Trichomonas
Amebas
are found in fresh and salt water as well as moist soil.
feeds by wrapping a pseudopod around its food – phagocytosis.
Nonactinopod
amebas include amebas that form lobopodia, filipodia or rhizopodia.
Mostly heterotrophic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists.
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