Challenges of natural hazards

• evidence of climate change

  shrinking glaciers and melting ice

  rising sea levels

  seasonal changes - birds nesting earlier
• 3 main natural causes of climate change

  orbital changes, solar activity, volcanic activity
• milank


  periodic changes in Earth's rotation and orbit around the sun
• solar activity


  varies with the number of sunspots and high energy flares
• volcanic activity


  produces ash and sulphuric acid droplets which reduce temperature
• natural greenhouse effect


  The absorption of thermal energy by the atmosphere
• human impact on greenhouse effect

  burning fossil fuels

  ch4 due to livestock

  deforestation

  co2 from transportation
• ways for climate change to be managed

  alternative energy sources

  carbon capture

  planting trees

  international agreements
• how to adapt to climate change

  new irrigation systems

  plant trees to protect seedlings

  change crops and livestock to suit conditions

  houses on stilts

  construct sea walls
• Social impacts Nepal


  9000 died

  7000 schools destroyed
• Economic impacts


  $5 billion cost of the earthquake
• envrionmental impacts Nepal


  Harvests lost -lost of income and food
• Immediate responses


  $1 billion in aid

  100 search and rescues responders
• Long term responses


  Stricter building codes

  Thousands of homeless people rehomed and damaged repaired
• Social effects


  2 people dies

  Schools reained closed
• Environmental effects


  Triggered 100 landslides
• Economic effects


  $5.8 billion in damages
• Immediate responses


  Military helicopters and navy ships sent to evacuate stranded tourists and locals

  Power restored in most locations in 24 hours
• Long term response


  New York area main which moves with the earthquakes which is expensive but beneficial and will help for future earthquakes
• composite volcano properties


  narrow base

  eruptions not frequent but violent

  steep slopes
• shield volcanoes properties


  wide base

  gentle slope

  eruptions frequent but non violent
• Constructive plate boundary


  Plates that move away from each other and sheild volcano is formed
• Destructive plate boundary


  Where an oceanic plate is subducting under a continental plate.
• Conservative plate boundary


  where two tectonic plates slide past each other
• Collision plate boundary


  a tectonic margin at which two continental plates come together
• inner core


  A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth
• outer core


  A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth
• Mantle


  semi molten rock
• crust


  The thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle

  oceanic-thinner or continental-thicker
• Geological natural hazards


  Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, avalanches, tsunamis,
• atmospheric natural hazards


  Droughts, tornadoes, heatwaves, blizzards,snow storms, thunder storms, tropical storms,
• hydrological natural hazards


  driven by bodies of water - mainly oceans

  floods, tsunamis, storm surges
• biological natural hazards


  bush fire
• natural disaster


  A natural hazard that has already happened
• natural hazard


  Any natural process that is a potential threat to human life and property
• tropical rainforest climate


  Solar radiation is most concentrated at the equator and the high temperatures causes the air to cool which causes condensing quickly which lead to high rainfall
• Deserts climate


  Solar radiation is concentrated at 30° north and south

  Sinking air due to high pressure which leads to low rainfall
• Poles climate


  Solar radiation is weak, Therefore, low temperatures and high pressure which lead to low rainfall
• what are tropical storms

  are huge storms called hrricanes,cyclones and typhoons in different parts of the world
• How are tropical storms formed?

  When the ocean surface waters reaches at least 27°C due to solar heating, the warm air above the water rises quickly, causing an area of very low pressure. As the air rises quickly more warm moist air is drawn upwards from above the ocean creating strong winds.