Final Test

• eukaryotes include kingdoms such as protista, fungi, plants, and animals
• life should be able to grow and divide, react to stimulus, and respond to internal and external changes
• life must be able to take up nutrients from external environment and have a membrane bound structure
• viruses aren't alive because they don't have a cell membrane, organelles or a nucleus and only replicate and react to and from host cells
• eukaryotes have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and a cell membrane
• eukaryotes are larger than 10 to 100 micrometers
• prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• internal structures of eukaryotes include cytoplasm and organelles
• cytoskeleton is made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
• external eukaryote structures include sometimes cell wall, glycocalyx, flagella, cilia and cytoplasmic membrane 
• glycocalyx is a sticky carbohydrate that  help cells attach to eachother, communication, protects against dehydration
• flagellum is used for movement by rotating like propeller or whip-like motion
• cilia is hair-like projections on the surface of some cells that move back and forth to create waves of fluid flow over the cell's surface
• eukaryotes with actual cell walls don’t have glycocalyx present, strengthen cell surfaces
• Fungi algae and plants and some protozoa have cell walls which are composed of various polysaccharides
• chitin is found in fungal cell walls
• cellulose is found in plant cell walls
•  cellulose is found in plant walls and fungal
• glucomannan in fungal cell walls
• the function of the cytoplasmic membrane is to separate the cell from its environment and to allow substances to move in and out
• the cytoplasmic membrane contains steroid lipids to maintain fluidity
• endocytosis is the process of engulfing material from the extracellular environment
• exocytosis is the release of materials into the extracellular space
• Flagella Undulate - back and forth movement, they move different from prokaryotic flagella, they push/pull cell through a medium 
• flagella are Surrounded by extension of the cell membrane and filled with cytosol 
• ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and are responsible for protein synthesis
• eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than prokaryotic ones
• Centrosome is where centrioles are found in the cytoplasm
• centrioles are  involved in mitosis and cytokinesis
• centrioles are involved in flagella and cillia development
• centrioles are found in animals and fungi
• cytoskeleton offers structure and protection
•  the cytoskeleton is a network of fibres and tubules that anchors organelles and moves cytoplasmic membrane during endocytosis
• the nucleus is the largest organelle
• the nucleus contains DNA, RNA polymerase, histones, ribonucleoproteins (RNP), and nuclear pores
• DNA is organized into chromatin which consists of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones
•  RNA synthesized in nucleoli present in nucleoplasm
• the nucleus is  surrounded by nuclear envelope and contains nuclear pores 
• E.R is Flattened hollow tube networks continuous with nuclear envelope
• the golgi bodies Receives, processes and packages large molecules for export