Geography

• Space


  An area without meaning e.g. a newly built house with empty room
• Place


  A space with meaning and Sentiment e.g. someone's childhood bedroom
• Locale


  A place with specific events attached to it and behaviour specific to an individual e.g. a church to a Christian who has been married
• Sense of place


  Someone's subjective, sentimental, emotional attachment to a place. Everyone perceives places differently e.g. a church may feel no attachment or strong positive to a Muslim but a strong positive to a Christian
• Genius Loci


  Suggests every place has a unique spirit
• Perception of a place

  People have different sense of place based on their intersectionality (unique intersection of factors which they could be discriminated from)
• Intersectionality


  Crenshaw's claim that people have a unique intersection of factors that construct their identity which they could receive privilege from or be discriminated against
• People may be privileged in one location but may be a victim of social exclusion and underprivileged in other
• Tourist Gaze


  Urry's belief that when tourists visit a location they see a different reality than locals, due to the control of companies and businesses who plan these holidays and only show tourists landmarks, not deprived areas
• The tourist gaze has come under criticism due to new forms of tourism where tourists now see more of the reality, and the gaze may be affected by the locale of a place
• Place imageability


  The quality of a place that makes it recognisable and memorable. Places with high imageability have specific physical elements and their arrangement evokes distinct images or positive feelings
• Place attachment


  Stedman's view that place attachment is not formed by physical geographical features but by an individual's experience, based on who they are, the type of place, and the process which occurs physically or mentally there
• Geographer Tuan states that attachment grows stronger over time and due to the intensity of experience
• Social exclusion


  The systematic disadvantaging of certain groups due to discrimination based on their ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation, etc. because their identity does not align with the dominant culture or politics
• Spatial exclusion


  When individuals do not have the same access to society's luxuries and face a disadvantage because of this, such as being geographically and physically excluded in slums
• There are also locations of formal social exclusion, such as gated communities
• Near places


  Could be geographically near or emotionally near
• Far places


  Could be geographically far or emotionally far
• Due to globalisation and improved transport and technology, places seem less far, and people have better connection to geographically far places
• Media places


  Places an individual has not physically experienced
• Experienced place


  Places where people feel a sense of belonging and connection (insiders) or feel they do not belong and are excluded (outsiders)
• Factors affecting insider/outsider status

  • Language
  • Passport or visa
  • Alignment with norms and values
• People can feel like outsiders in places they live, and some people feel like outsiders everywhere
• Common outsiders include young people and ethnic minorities who can feel socially excluded from the countryside due to the prominent white aging population
• Geographer David Harvey suggests all places are a social construct and dynamic, not static
• Many groups influence the perception of place
• Places


  • They are dynamic and shaped by external and internal factors, with place identity always changing
• Endogenous factors (internal factors)

  • Geology
  • Physical geography
  • Location
  • Topography
  • Infrastructure
  • Land use
  • Built environment
  • Demographic characteristics
• Exogenous factors (external factors)

  • Money and investment
  • People
  • Resources
  • Ideas
• The Rio Olympics shows how exogenous flows of tourism and investment can alter a place's socio-economic characteristics
• Glocalisation


  Communities resisting the impact of globalisation, such as the anti-Costa campaign in Totnes, Devon
• Gentrification


  Investment and development that alter an area to become more appealing, causing the population to change from working class to young middle class as housing prices increase
• Homogenisation


  When places look identical due to placelessness caused by globalisation, such as 'clone towns' with similar high street shops
• Changing places


  • Places are constantly changing due to external and internal factors, but there is also some continuity
• Factors influencing changing places

  • Flows of money and investment
  • Relationships and connections (urban-rural)
  • Past connections
  • Present connections
• Doreen Massey claims you can see globalisation through the different connections that shape places
• Shifting flows impacting place characteristics

  • People
  • Investment
  • TNCS (resources and ideas)
  • Resources
• e as they can cause gentrification in areas such as the Anfield project which has replaced the demographic. The investment may also be focused more on reimaging than rebranding such as in Toxteth and the albert docks, this causes inequalities to form and
• TNCs (Transnational Corporations)


  Shifting flows of resources and ideas
• TNCs


  • Can introduce jobs to boost and develop the local economy
  • Leakage occurs
  • Can close local businesses
  • Can lead to clone towns and homogenisation
  • Can promote continuity due to the local (e.g. McDonald's)