Changing Places

• Space

  An area without meaning e.g. a newly built house with empty room
• Locale


  A place with specific events attached to it and behaviour specific to an individual e.g. a church to a Christian who has been married
• Sense of place


  Someone's subjective, sentimental, emotional attachment to a place. Everyone perceives places differently e.g. a church may feel no attachment for a Muslim but strong positive for a Christian
• Genius Loci


  Suggests every place has a unique spirit
• People have different sense of place based on intersectionality (An individual's unique intersection of factors which they could be discriminated from)
• Intersectionality

  Crenshaw claims that people have a unique intersection of factors that construct their identity which they could receive privilege from or be discriminated against
• People may be privileged in one location but may be a victim of social exclusion and underprivileged in other
• Tourist Gaze


  Urry believes that when tourists visit a location e.g. Paris they see a different reality than locals. This is due to the control of companies and businesses who plan these holidays, they make sure to only show tourists landmarks and not down deprived areas
• The tourist gaze has come under criticism due to new forms of tourism. Tourists are now doing activities which destroys the gaze because now they see the reality more. Also, the gaze may be affected by the locale of a place
• Place imageability

  The quality of a place that makes it recognisable and memorable. Places with a high imageability have specific physical elements (of the natural and/or built environment) and their arrangement evokes distinct images or positive feelings
• Place attachment

  Stedman said that place attachment is not formed by physical geographical features but by an individual's experience. This links to the Tripartite model of attachment theory... Peoples attachment is based on who they are as a person, the type of place and the process which occurs physically or mentally there
• Geographer Tuan also states that attachment grows stronger overtime and due the intensity of experience e.g. the beach someone is married at they are much more attached to the one they visited once on holiday
• Social exclusion

  The systematic disadvantaging of certain groups because they are discriminated against, based on their ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation, etc. This is because usually their identity does not align with the dominant culture or politics
• Tiffiany Yu developed a disability so could not partake in events such as PE and faced bullying at school, she felt excluded and as an outsider even though she went there and was the same as others
• Spatial exclusion

  When individuals do not have the same access to societies luxuries, and they face a disadvantage because of this. This is being geographically and physically excluded in slums in Rio and worldwide areas of deprivation
• There is also locations of formal social exclusion such as gated communities
• Near places

  Could be geographically near or could be emotionally near
• Far places

  Could be geographically far or emotionally far
• Due to globalisation and other factors such as improvement in transport technology making travelling quicker and easier - these places seem less far. Or due to the rise of ICT and media there is better connection therefore there has been a rise in people with geographically far places as near
• Media places


  Places where an individual has not phenomenologically experienced
• Insiders

  Feel a sense of belonging and connection to a place. People also form their identity on where they are from, this may be due to dialect and culture or simply other shared characteristics
• Outsiders

  Feel like they do not belong in a country, excluded from a community
• Factors affecting insiders vs outsiders

  • Language
  • Passport or visa
  • Norms and values
• People can feel outsiders in places they live, and some people feel like outsiders everywhere. For example, Tiffany Yu felt excluded from school due to her disability making her not able to participate in activities such as PE. People with different intersectionalities to the norm can be socially excluded – so not have equal rights
• Common outsiders are young people and ethnic minorities who can feel socially excluded from the countryside due to the prominent white aging population, this is apparent in Uppermill. It also may be due to the housing of migrants in the city
• Some geographers such as David Harvey suggest all places are a social construct and dynamic not static and socially constructed
• Many groups influence perception of place
• Places

  • They are dynamic, and shaped by external and internal factors, place identity is always changing
• Endogenous factors

  • Geology
  • Physical geography
  • Location
  • Topography
  • Infrastructure
  • Land use
  • Built environment
  • Demographic characteristics
• Exogenous factors

  • Money and investment
  • People
  • Resources
  • Ideas
• The Rio Olympics shows the impact of exogenous flow of tourism and investment has caused favelas to be bulldozed altering the socio-economic characteristics and the games cause the city to be busier and contain more stadiums (infrastructure)
• Glocalisation

  Due to localism, communities resist the impact of globalisation
• Gentrification

  Investment and development alter an area to become more appealing therefore altering population from working class to young middle class as housing prices increase too unaffordable
• Changes in rural environments - Suburbanised villages like Uppermill have seen their population increase by 26% from 2001-2011 due to counterurbanisation where people reject city life and settle in idyllic, quiet, and clean rural areas. This has altered the land use and services to cater to a middle-class lifestyle
• The most remote village Shetland islands has a population of only 27,400 and this is halved since 1901, predicted to decrease again by 2030 more than 10%. This is because the area is inaccessible, has limited jobs and transport links, and schools and businesses have shut down, limiting population and causing an old population
• In villages in national parks like Snowdonia, there are more people who have second homes (causing pressure on property and demand). These second homes are let out as holiday homes which leads to issues such as they may not always be occupied, or the tourists may support regular TNCs not the local economy due to lack of localism
• Homogenisation


  When places look identical due to placelessness caused by globalisation. Examples are clone towns such as high streets with similar shops
• Changing places

  • Places are constantly changing due to external and internal factors, however there is some continuity
• Shifting flows

  • Money and investment
  • Connections and relations
  • People
  • Investment
• Doreen Massey claims you can see globalisation e.g. shops can show different connections, places can be shaped and it can lead to socio-economic inequality or equality