1032 mod1

• Isotonic solution


  Solution of 0.09% NaCl (sodium chloride or salt) and water which makes up all the entire body's cells and bodily fluids
• Chromosomes


  Threadlike structures within the nucleus that carry the cell's "instructions"
• Mitosis


  Cell division needed for growth & repair of body tissues
• Superior


  Above another structure; the upper part of the body
• Inferior


  Below another structure; the lower part of the body
• Anterior


  Front surface of the body; often used to indicate the position of one structure in relation to another
• Posterior


  Back surface of the body; often used to indicate the position of one structure in relation to another
• Midline


  Imaginary line that divides the body into left and right sides
• Medial


  Closest to the midline of the body
• Lateral


  Farthest from the midline of the body
• Proximal


  Nearest the trunk of the body or the point of origin
• Distal


  Farthest from the trunk of the body or the point of origin
• Superficial


  Near the surface of the body
• Deep


  Away from the surface or farther into the body (e.g., bones are deep to the skin)
• Peripheral


  Away from the centre of the body
• Epithelial tissue


  Covers internal & external body surfaces; no blood supply of its own, so it depends on the blood supply of the underlying connective tissue; can repair or replace itself quickly; contain sensory cells (feel pain & pressure)
• Shapes of epithelial tissue

  • Squamous (thin and flat, like fish scales)
  • Cuboidal (cube-shaped, like dice)
  • Columnar (tall and narrow, like columns)
• Functions of epithelial tissue

  • Aid in protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration
• Structures containing epithelial tissue

  • Nose, mouth, respiratory tract, stomach, urethra, vagina, and intestines
• Connective tissue


  Anchors/connects/supports other body tissues; found in every part of the body
• Types of connective tissue

  • Connective tissue proper (viscous (thickened) fluid base or of dense irregular tissues(joints))
  • Adipose (fat; supplies energy & support surrounding structures)
  • Dense fibrous (tendons- attach muscles to bone, ligaments- connect bones & support joints)
  • Cartilage (supports/ protects/cushions joints &provides framework)
  • Bone (protect organs & support body weight)
  • Blood (transport nutrients, hormones, waste materials & gas exchange)
  • Lymph (drains interstitial fluids & part of immune system)
• Bones are held together at the joint by strong bands of connective tissue called ligaments
• Muscle tissue


  Can only contract & relax; Functions: movement, posture, produce body heat
• Types of muscle tissue

  • Skeletal muscles (attached to bones, are striated(striped or streaked); voluntary)
  • Smooth muscles (not streaked/striped; involuntary)
  • Cardiac muscle (found in the heart; striated; involuntary)
• Nerve tissue


  Part of nervous system & relay infos to & from the brain & body
• Structures of nerve tissue

  • Brain, spinal cord, nerves
• Cavities where organs locate

  • Dorsal cavity (cranial & spinal)
  • Ventral cavity (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic)
• Functions of the integumentary system


  • Protect body, prevent bacteria & excessive water exiting, secrete to make chemical protection, homeostasis, eliminate wastes= sweating (perspiration)
• Types of bones

  • Long (hard/dense; provide strength, structure, mobility)
  • Short (allow ease movements (cube shape))
  • Flat (thin, flat, curved; protects organs)
  • Irregular (various bony projections & interacts w/ other bones; provide sites for muscle attachment= flexibility)
  • Sesamoid (short/irregular; imbedded in tendon & protect it)
• Structures of a joint


  • Articular cartilage (lines the surface of each of the two bones, forming a smooth surface within the joint)
  • Joint capsule (made up of fibrous connective tissue, enclosing the joint in a strong sleeve like covering)
  • Synovial membrane (lines the joint capsule & secretes lubricating synovial fluid into the joint cavity)
  • Synovial fluid (lubricates the bones in the joint)
  • Bursae (small sacs of synovial fluid that function as a cushion and gliding surface between the joint and the tendon)
• Cartilage


  Cushions the joints so the bones don't rub together
• Tendons

  Connect muscles to bones; framework of body & allow movements/mobility; protection of organ & shape
• Types of nerve tissue cells

  • Neuroglia (nourishes/protect/insulate neurons)
  • Neurons (transmit infos in form of electrical nerve impulses)
• Parts of a neuron


  • Dendrite (has receptors that receive stimuli & transmit infos to bell body& often branch from the neuron cell body)
  • Cell body (has organelles (nucleus); electrical nerve impulse pases through the cell body)
  • Axon (carries infos away from the cell to axon terminal (end))
• Nerve impulses

  • Electrical (transmit signal WITHIN a neuron; then be transmitted across synapse(gap btwn neurons) to the next dendrite)
  • Chemical (Process signal from a neuron to another/ muscle cell)
• Main parts of the brain

  • Cerebrum (largest & center of thought/intelligence)
  • Cerebellum (body movements; smooths movements of voluntary muscles & body's balance)
  • Brain stem (connects cerebrum to spinal cord)
• Layers of the meninges


  • Dura meter (outer tough covering, lies next to skull partially protects brain from movement)
  • Arachnoid (middle layer)
  • Pia meter (inner layer; adheres to brain directly & contains blood vessels surrounding the brain)
• Cerebrospinal fluid


  Circulates around brain and spinal cords; protects CNS, cushions shocks that could injure brain & spinal cord
• Parts of the eye

  • Sclera (white of the eye, outer layer, made of tough connective tissues)
  • Choroid (2nd layer; blood vessels, ciliary muscle & iris makes up choroid; iris- colour of eye; pupil- opening in the middle of iris)
  • Retina (inner layer; contains receptors for vision & nerve fibres pf the optic nerve)
• Aqueous chamber


  Separates cornea from lens; filled with aqueous humor (fluid to help cornea keep its shape)