L4

• Protocol


  A set of rules governing communication within and between computers on a network
• Internet protocols


  • Identifying errors
  • Compressing the data
  • Deciding how the data is to be sent
  • Addressing the data
  • Deciding how to announce sent and received data
• Commonly used Internet protocols

  • TCP/IP
  • IPX/SPX
  • NetBEUI
  • AppleTalk
  • HTTP
  • FTP
  • SSH
  • TelNet
  • POP3
  • IMAP
  • SMTP
• IP address


  A number used to identify a device on the network
• Each device on a network must have a unique IP address to communicate with other network devices</b>
• IP address format


  32 binary bits grouped into four 8-bit bytes called octets
• Classes of IP addresses

  • Class A
  • Class B
  • Class C
  • Class D
  • Class E
• Subnet mask


  Indicates the network portion of an IP address
• Default subnet masks for IP address classes: Class A - 255.0.0.0, Class B - 255.255.0.0, Class C - 255.255.255.0
• IPConfig


  A command used to find out the IP address of a network you are connected to
• Assigning a static IP address


  1. Open Control Panel's Network Connection icon

  2. Open icon representing network connection

  3. Click Properties button in Status dialog box
• TCP/IP


  The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite protocols has become the dominant standard for internetworking. TCP/IP represents a set of public standards that specify how packets of information are exchanged between computers over one or more networks.
• IPX/SPX


  Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange is the protocol suite originally employed by Novell Corporation's network operating system, NetWare.
• NetBEUI


  NetBIOS Extended User Interface is a protocol primarily on small Windows NT networks. NetBEUI cannot be routed or used by routers talk to each other on a large network. Suitable for small peer-to-peer networks, involving a few computers directly connected to each other.
• AppleTalk


  AppleTalk is a protocol suite to network Macintosh computers. Designed to run over LocalTalk, which is the Apple LAN physical topology, also designed to run over major LAN types, notably Ethernet and Token Ring.
• HTTP


  Hyper Text Transfer Protocol governs how files such as text, graphics, sound, and video are exchanged on the World Wide Web (www).
• FTP


  File Transfer Protocol provides services for file transfer and manipulation. FTP allows multiple simultaneous computer that lacks security features.
• SSH


  Secure Shell is used to securely connect to a remote computer.
• TelNet


  An application used to connect to a remote computer that lacks security features.
• POP3


  Post Office Protocol is used to download e-mail from remote mail server.
• IMAP


  Internet Message Access Protocol is also used to download e-mail from a remote mail server.
• SMTP


  Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used to send e-mail to a remote e-mail server.
• IP Addressing


  A number that is used to identify a device on the network
• IP address


  • Each device on a network must have a unique IP address to communicate with other network devices
  • On a LAN, each host (device that sends or receives information on the network) and network device must have an IP address within the same network to be able to communicate with each other
• Network devices


  Devices that move data across the network, including hubs, switches, and routers
• IP address


  • Consists of a series of 32 binary bits (1s and Os)
  • Grouped into four 8-bit bytes called OCTETS
  • Hard for humans to read, write, and remember
• Five classes of IP address

  • Class A
  • Class B
  • Class C
  • Class D
  • Class E
• Class A


  Used for large networks, implemented by large companies and some countries
• Class B


  Used for medium-sized networks, implemented by universities
• Class C


  Used for small networks, implemented by ISPs for customer subscriptions
• Class D


  Used for special use for multicasting
• Class E


  Used for experimental testing