Medicine through time

• how did the church control ideas in middle ages

  church was centre form of learnign controlled the knowledge physicians used to train. Only monks could read and write so were the ones to pass on information. Church only approved of medical practices which aligned with Galen's teaching. Other ideas were ignored. instilled a fear of hell.
• what were the four humours

  blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlem.
• what was the theory of opposites

  Galen came up with idea that in order to correct the balance of the humour person should be given the opposite of their symptoms.
• what was miasma


  the theory that bad air caused disease.
• what were the most common treatments in the middle ages

  bloodletting and purging
• how was bloodletting performed

  was done by cutting a vein, using leeches or cupping. different point in the body were used for different illnesses. was done by a barber surgeon.
• how was purging performed

  used to rebalance the humours. making patients vomit sometimes apothecaries would mix laxatives.
• religious prevention of illness

  christstian life, chanting, flagellation, carrying charms
• rational prevention of illness

  clean streets, washing, exercise, bleeding and purging.
• who treated the sick

  barber surgeons - no training did bloodletting and amputations.

  wise women- tend to people in home for free.

  apothecaries - recived training but no qualification, cost money.

  physicisans - trained at university expensive only treated rich.
• what were hospitals like in middle ages

  used for travellers and pilgrims, kept clean and given rest no sic people were allowed.
• when was the black death

  1348
• what caused the black death

  bubonic plague caused by fleas and rats
• what did they think caused the black death

  religion God sent the plague, astrology position of mars and Jupiter, miasma, four humours and outsiders
• how did people try avoid catching the black death

  praying and fasting, clearing up rubbish in the street, overpowering miasma with other bad smells, not lettin gin unknow people
• symptoms of the black death

  buboes, fever and chills, vomiting.
• what changed about causes of disease in the renaissance

  fewer people believed in the supernatural, new rational explanations of disease were found such as seeds in the air spreading disease. fewer people believed in astrology.
• continuity of ideas of causes of disease in renaissance

  theory of miasma was continued. as was the theory of four humours.
• why did the influence of the church change

  new religious ideas changed the authority of the church, people began to look for new explanations for causes of disease.
• what did Thomas Sydenham do?

  was a doctor in 1660's. didn't rely on medical books but observed patients. based treatment on disease and not on individual symptoms.
• what enabled ideas to spread

  the printing press was developed in 1440's this meant exact copies of texts were able to spread, this reduced the control of the church.

  
  

  The royal society was founded in 1660's and aimed to spread and further understanding of medical ideas. also encouraged new theories. in 1665 scientists were able to spread and share new ideas. The royal society also had authority as was supported by the king.
• How did hospitals change in the Renaissance?

  hospitals were treating more sick people as in 1536 the monasteries were dissolved meaning the church no longer controlled hospitals. Hospitals were run by charities which enabled them to cater for the sick.
• changes in prevention of disease in the renaissance

  more emphasis on removing miasma, though draining swamps.

  people changed clothes more often

  new herbal remedies were discovered

  theory of transference.
• how did the training of apothecaries change?

  they were better trained through apprentices and guilds but still not qualified and uni. they needed a licence to practice.
• how did the training of physicians change?

  had better access to a wider variety of medical books which enable new ideas to spread. dissection was legalised allowing for greater discovery of human body.
• Why was Versalius important?

  improved the understanding of the human body. he made study of anatomy the centre focus in studying medicine. proved that some of Galen's work was incorrect which limited power of the church. encouraged dissection.
• when was the great plague

  1665 - bubonic plague
• what did they think caused the great plague

  most believed in miasma with a few believing in the 4 humours however they knew it spread from person to person.
• treatments of great plague

  most people were quarantined, herbal remedies were used from quack doctors and apothecaries. people thought they could sweat the disease out.
• what did William Harvey teach?

  carried out public dissection and taught the importance of doctors observing and recording symptoms. discovered the process of blood circulation. proved Vesalius was right about the theory that blood flowed through the heart.

  
  

  discovered that arteries and veins were part of one system and blood was pumped by heart.
• what continued about causes of disease in 18th and 19th century

  thought germs were caused by decaying matter, still belived in miasma but less so
• when were microscopes invented

  1700 improved in the 1850's
• when/who discovered germ theory


  pasteur discovered germ theory in 1861
• what was germ theory


  proved that bacteria in the air caused decay and that they also caused disease.
• how did pasteur disocever germ theory


  when investigating why liquids turned sour at a local brewery
• what did Koch do

  proved that pasteurs theory was correct also identified the bacteria that caused TB and Cholera. developed a way of growing bacteria on Agar jelly.
• when was the bacteria that caused cholera discovered

  1883
• when was the bacteria that caused TB discovered

  1882
• what influence did Pasteur and Koch have

  Pasteurs germ theory had little influence at first has he had no proof it was easier to belive in miasma and he wasn't a doctor.

  
  

  Koch inspired others to research microbes however, it took lots of time for doctors to belive in germ theory and had little impact on medical treatment.
• what did Florence nightingale do

  Helped during the Crimean war, published multiple books on research and improved the cleanliness of hospitals and organisation, trained other nurses.