scts

• Information Age


  Period beginning in the last quarter of the 20th century when information became easily accessible through publications and through the manipulation of information by computers and computer networks
• The Information Age is also known as the Digital Age and the New Media Age
• Information Age


  • A true new age based upon the interconnection of computers via telecommunications, with these information systems operating on both real-time and as-needed basis
  • The primary factors driving this new age forward are convenience and user-friendliness, which, in turn, will create user dependence
• History of the Information Age

  • 3000 B.C. - Sumerian writing system uses pictographs to represent words
  • 2900 - Beginnings of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing
  • 1300 - Tortoise shell and oracle bone writing
  • 500 - Papyrus roll
  • 220 - Chinese small seal writing developed
  • 100 A.D. - Book (parchment codex)
  • 105 - Wood-block printing and paper is invented by the Chinese
  • 1455 - Johann Gutenberg invents printing press using movable metal type
  • 1755 - Samuel Johnson's dictionary standardizes English spelling
  • 1802 - The Library of Congress is established
  • 1824 - Research on persistence of vision published
  • 1830s - First viable design for a digital computer, Augusta Lady Byron writes world's first computer program
  • 1837 - Invention of telegraph in Great Britain and the United States
  • 1861 - Motion pictures projected onto a screen
  • 1876 - Dewey Decimal system introduced
  • 1877 - Edweard Muybridge demonstrates high-speed photography
  • 1899 - First magnetic recordings
  • 1902 - Motion picture special effects
  • 1906 - Lee DeForest invents electronic amplifying tube (triode)
  • 1923 - Television camera tube invented by Zvorkyn
  • 1926 - First practical sound movie
  • 1939 - Regularly scheduled television broadcasting begins in the U.S.
  • 1940s - Beginnings of information science as a discipline
  • 1945 - Vannevar Bush foresees the invention of hypertext
  • 1946 - ENIAC computer developed
  • 1948 - Birth of field-of-information theory proposed by Claude E. Shannon
  • 1957 - Planar transistor developed by Jean Hoerni
  • 1958 - First integrated circuit
  • 1960s - Library of Congress develops LC MARC (machine readable code)
  • 1969 - UNIX operating system developed, which could handle multitasking
  • 1971 - Intel introduces first microprocessor chip
  • 1972 - Optical laserdisc developed by Philips and MCA
  • 1974 - MCA and Philips agree on standard videodisc encoding format
  • 1975 - Altair Microcomputer Kit: first personal computer for the public
  • 1977 - RadioShack introduces first complete personal computer
  • 1984 - Apple MacIntosh computer introduced
  • Mid-'80s - Artificial intelligence separates from information science
  • 1987 - Hypercard developed by Bill Atkinson recipe box metaphor
  • 1991 - Four hundred fifty complete works of literature on one CD-ROM
  • Jan. 1997 - RSA (Encryption and network security software) Internet security code cracked for a 48-bit number
• Printing press


  A device that applies pressure to an inked surface lying on a print medium, such as cloth or paper, to transfer ink
• Harvard Mark 1


  • A general-purpose electromechanical computer that was 50 feet long and capable of doing calculations in seconds that usually look people hours
• Enigma


  An enciphering machine that the German armed forces used to securely send messages
• Enigma


  • Parts: keyboard, rotor, lampboard, plugboard
• Alan Turing


  • An English mathematician hired in 1936 by the British top-secret Government Code and Cipher School at Bletchley Park to break the Enigma code
  • Invented Bombe, an electromechanical machine that enabled the British to decipher encrypted messages of the German Enigma machine
  • Presented a theoretical machine called the Turing machine in his 1937 paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem"
• Steve Wozniak


  • In 1976, co-founder of Apple Inc., developed the Apple I computer, for which he designed the operating system, hardware, and circuit board all by himself
• Computers


  An electronic device that stores and processes data and runs on a program that contains the exact, step-by-step directions to solve a problem
• Types of Computers


  • Personal Computer (PC)
  • Server
  • Mainframes
• Personal Computer (PC)


  A single-user instrument and first known as microcomputers because they were a complete computer, but built on a smaller scale than the enormous systems operated by most businesses
• Types of Personal Computers

  • Desktop Computer
  • Laptop
  • Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
  • Wearable Computers
• Server


  A computer that has been improved to provide network services to other computers that usually boast powerful processors, tons of memory, and large hard drives
• Mainframes


  Huge computer systems that could fill an entire room or even a floor of rooms
• Internet


  A worldwide system of interconnected networks that facilitate data transmission among innumerable computers
• Internet


  • Developed during the 1970s by the Department of Defense and used mainly by scientists to communicate with other scientists
• Claude E. Shannon


  • Considered as the "Father of Information Theory", he published a paper proposing that information can be quantitatively encoded as a sequence of ones and zeroes
• Criteria to Evaluate Web Sources

  • Authority
  • Link checking
  • Purpose and objectivity
  • Content and coverage
  • Currency
• Types of Web Pages

  • Advocacy
  • Business
  • Entertainment
  • Informational
  • Personal
• Biodiversity


  The vast variety of life forms in the entire Earth
• Biodiversity


  • The variations of climatic and altitudinal conditions along with varied ecological habitats are the reasons for the richness in biodiversity of a particular region on Earth
  • The variability among living organisms from all sources and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within, between, and of ecosystems
• Importance of Biodiversity


  • Health and Medicine
  • Food
  • Energy
  • Water Storage and Flood Control
  • Air and Water Treatment
• Threats to Biodiversity


  • Habitat loss and destruction
  • Alterations in ecosystem composition
  • Over exploitation
  • Pollution and Contamination
  • Global Climate Change
• Biodiversity is a major factor that contributes to sustainable food production for human beings
• Basic needs (air, water, food, and habitat) provided by the environment

  Improved access to these basic needs may lead to evolution of human beings
• Advances in agriculture, sanitation, water treatment, and hygiene have had a far greater impact on human health than medical technology
• Although the environment sustains human life, it can also cause disease
• Variations and sudden changes, either within species groups or within the environment, could begin to change entire ecosystems
• Over-hunting, overfishing, or over-collecting of species can quickly lead to its decline
• Pollution and contamination cause irreversible damage to species and varieties
• Both climate variability and climate change cause biodiversity loss
• Biodiversity


  A major factor that contributes to sustainable food production for human beings
• The environment sustains human life, but it can also cause diseases
• Environmental hazards increase the risk of cancer, heart disease, asthma, and many other illnesses
• Nanotechnology


  The science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale

  
• Richard Feynman introduced the ideas and concepts behind nanotech in a talk titled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"


  1959
• Nanometer


  A unit of measurement equal to one billionth of a meter
• Nanotechnology is manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers