prelims

• Science


  A body of knowledge, a collection of information, a human attempt to understand the natural world, with or without concern for practical uses of that knowledge, tries to discover facts and relationships and then tries to create theories that make sense of these facts and relationships, any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation, involves the pursuit of knowledge covering general truths or the operations of fundamental laws
• Scientific Method

  1. Make an observation

  2. Ask a question

  3. Form a hypothesis or testable explanation

  4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis

  5. Test the prediction

  6. Iterate: Use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions
• Division of Science

  • Physical sciences (physics, astronomy, chemistry, geology, metallurgy)
  • Biological sciences (zoology, botany, genetics, paleontology, molecular biology, physiology)
  • Psychological sciences (psychology, sociology, anthropology, maybe economics)
• Characteristics of Science

  • Systematized evidences: valid & reliable (data, observations, previous literatures gathered through scientific method)
  • Dynamic changes with new information gathered from scientific method
  • Requisite to technology
• Technology


  The human attempt to change the world by creating products that can help people, involves tools, techniques, and procedures for putting the findings of science to use, practical applications of what we know about nature, products of imagination, of thought processes, redesigning, purpose is quality of life
• Examples of Technology

  • Smartphone
  • Laptop
  • Electrical Appliances
  • Machineries
• Roles of Technology

  • Alter the way people live, connect, communicate, and transact, with profound effects on economic development
  • Key drivers to development because technological and scientific revolutions underpin economic advances, improvements in health systems, education, and infrastructures
  • The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging from entirely new sectors based on microprocessors, telecommunications, biotechnology, and nanotechnology
• The wheel was invented around 3500 BC
• The Chinese invented the first compass sometime between the 9th and 11th centuries
• Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1440
• Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be awarded a patent for the electric telephone in 1876
• In 1928, Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming noticed a bacteria-filled Petri dish in his laboratory. The sample had become contaminated with a mold, and everywhere the mold was, the bacteria was dead
• Eco-friendly technologies are sustainable technologies that utilize resources from the environment without causing negative effects to it, examples include solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy
• Society


  The sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to figure things out and to make things, a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations
• Science and technology studies (STS)


  The study of how society, politics and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture
• Changes in science

  Lead to the evolution of technology
• Advancements in technology

  Can have a huge impact on the enhancement of science
• Science aims to improve society


  Through the determination of prevailing problems and seeking solutions to these problems by means of scientific inquiry and the scientific method
• Societal factors

  Influence science
• Societal needs


  Are prioritized in most research agencies in the world
• Ethical dilemmas arise with the introduction of controversial research ideas and methodologies
• The technological advancements in a society

  Are primarily affected by the needs of the people
• Scientific Attitude

  • Curiosity
  • Critical Mindedness
  • Creativity
  • Honesty
• Drives Scientists

  • Passion to know
  • Passion to discover
  • Passion to solve existing societal problems
• Curiosity


  Tendency to ask questions about observations or knowledge
• Skepticism and Critical Mindedness

  Good scientists are skeptics, which means that they question existing ideas and hypotheses, and they refuse to accept explanations without evidence
• Open-mindedness


  A good scientist considers the ideas and the help of his/her fellow scientists
• Honesty


  A scientist who gathers data from his or her work must reflect the truth about his or her findings
• Discipline


  Scientists follow the scientific method, which is made up of a series of steps that was established to ensure the quality of a scientific study
• Perseverance


  A good scientist must never give up
• Responsibility


  True scientists hold themselves accountable for the consequence of their study
• Examples of studies that must be kept with utmost responsibility include controversial research ideas and methodologies
• Creativity


  Creative scientists come up with original and relevant ideas that could help in the scientific process
• Historical antecedents in science and technology are factors that paved the way for the presence of advanced and sophisticated scientific and technological innovations today
• Ancient Period Innovations

  • Ancient Wheels
  • Paper
  • Shadoof - hand operated device for lifting water
  • Antikythera mechanism
  • Aeolipile
• Middle Ages Innovations

  • Heavy Plough
  • Gunpowder
  • Paper Money
  • Mechanical Clock
  • Spinning Wheel
• Modern Age Innovations

  • Compound Microscope
  • Telescope
  • Jacquard Loom
  • Engine-powered Airplane
  • Television
• Inventions by Filipino Scientists

  • E-jeepney
  • Erythromycin
  • Medical Incubator
  • Mole Remover
• Intellectual Revolutions


  Pertains to the period of paradigm shifts or changes in the scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people
• Copernican Revolution was led by Nicholas Copernicus, who developed a model of a Sun-centered universe