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Pharmacy Practice
Lab Data
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Cards (19)
Typical Biochemical Data
Sodium
Potassium
Creatine
Urea
Calcium
Phosphate
Magnesium
View source
Calcium
Reference Range –
2.1-2.6
mmol/L
99
% of calcium found in
bone
Most of the rest circulates in the
blood
40
% bound with
proteins
50
% circulates as
ionised
calcium
View source
Hypercalcaemia (Too High)
Could be
malignancy
Treatment –
bisphosphates
Hydration
View source
Hypocalcaemia (Too Low)
Treatment
– Supplements with vitamin
D
View source
Phosphate
Reference range –
0.8-1.5mmol
/
L
80
% found in bones
15-20
% in intracellular fluid
Crucial
for energy metabolism
View source
Hyperphosphatemia
(Too
High
)
Tends to be chronic
renal
failure or
CKD
Treatment – Binding agent (
calcium
or
aluminium
base compounds)
View source
Hypophosphatemia
(Too
Low
)
Occur due to
refeeding
syndrome
Treatment
– Supplements
View source
Magnesium
Reference range
0.7-1.05mmol
/
L
Important for nerve and
muscle
function, keeps
heart beat
and helps bones to remain strong
View source
Hypomagnesemia
(Too
Low
)
Severe
vomiting
or
diarrhoea
Can cause issue with the
heart
Treatment –
Supplements
, Oral =
Magnesium glycerophosphate
, IV if severe
View source
Typical Biochemical Data - LFTs
Albumin
Bilirubin
(Unconjugated / Conjugated)
AST
ALT
ALP
Gamma GT
View source
Albumin
Reference range –
35-59g
/
L
Most
abundant
protein in the blood and synthesised by the
liver
Concentration shows how well
liver
is synthesising this protein
If level starts to
decrease
maybe something wrong with liver
Binds with
calcium
/bilirubin/
drugs
in blood
Highly protein bound drugs include
warfarin
and
phenytoin
View source
Bilirubin
RBC =
Haemoglobin
Waste product as
unconjugated
form but needs to be in
conjugated
form to be excreted
View source
ALT -
Alanine Aminotransaminase
Approximately
1000U/L
above – acute assault on liver
3 x normal value to 1000 – viral hepatitis,
alcoholic liver disease
, infection,
drug induced hepatitis
AST
– not
liver
specific
ALT
– almost
liver
specific
View source
ALP -
Alkaline phosphate
A large raise usual indicates a
blockage
(cholestasis)
A small raise usually indicated
liver damage
Not
liver specific
– also raised in bone diseases such as rickets,
Paget's disease
and pregnancy and when children grow
View source
Gamma GT - Gamma
Glutamyl Transferase
A large raise usually indicates a
blockage
(cholestasis) – coupled wot
ALP
raise
A small raise usually indicated
liver damage
(but will be coupled with
AST
/ALT raises)
Also
raised
during
drug
treatment with enzyme inducers and following high alcohol intake
View source
LFT Interpretation
Liver
Damage / Impairment
Post
Liver
Blockage (Cholestasis)
View source
Troponin
Specific to
cardiac
damage
Released shortly after a heart attack
Reach peak at
24
hours
View source
CK-MB Creatinine Kinase
Reaches peak
quicker
than troponin
Not
cardiac
specific
View source
Myoglobin
Much quicker 6-8
hours
Not
cardiac
specific
View source
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