PURCOMM

• Public speaking


  The process or act of performing a presentation (or a speech) focused around an individual directly speaking to a live audience in a structured, deliberate manner in order to inform, influence, or entertain them
• Material


  The subject that the speaker explores or discusses during their presentation or speech. It is the central idea or theme around which the speaker builds their argument, evidence, and stories
• Principles of Effective Public Speaking (4Ms)

  • Audience
  • Expertise
  • Purpose
  • Relevance

  
• Message


  The main points to the central idea or theme that the speaker wants to convey to the audience. It is the core of the speech or presentation and serves as a guide for all other elements, such as the supporting evidence, anecdotes, and examples. It is critical because it determines the impact and effectiveness of the presentation
• Speech according to purpose

  • Speech to inform
  • Speech to entertain
  • Speech to persuade

  
• Methods of delivery


  The way in which a speaker presents their speech or presentation to the audience
• Methods of delivery


  • Manuscript
  • Memorized
  • Impromptu
  • Extemporaneous
• Manners in speech


  The way in which a speaker uses their voice and language to communicate their message effectively to the audience. These include volume, tone, pace, pronunciation, articulation, inflection, pause, and body language. These also refer to the ethical standards in delivering a speech in public
• Ethical standards in public speaking

  • Observe ethically sound goals
  • Prepare all the time
  • Tell the truth
  • Be sensible and sensitive
• Non-verbal communication


  The use of body language, gestures, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues to convey a message. Non-verbal communication can be conscious or unconscious and can provide insights into a person's thoughts, feelings, and attitudes
• Importance of non-verbal communication

  • Enhances and emphasizes the message of the speech
  • Can communicate all feelings, attitudes, and perceptions as well as expressing anything without saying a word
  • Can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech
  • Reflects what type of speaker a person is
  • Makes the individual more dynamic and animated in the delivery
• Aspects of non-verbal communication

  • Using eye contact
  • Using facial expressions
  • Using gestures
  • Using a good posture
  • Clothing and appearance
• Gesture interpretation


  Gesture of openness, Gesture of aggressiveness, Gesture of dominance, Gesture of defensiveness, Gesture of boredom, Gesture of frustration, Gesture of readiness, Gesture of confidence
• Vocal elements


  • Pitch
  • Volume
  • Rate
  • Tone
  • Articulation
  • Pauses
  • Pronunciation
• Proxemics


  The space and distance between the speaker and the audience. It is an invisible wall that defines how comfortable the speaker is at a distance from the people they are talking to
• Colors


  Reflect people's personality and reveal character. Hence, an individual's choice of colors in terms of clothes and visual aids matter to the audience
• Color psychology and meaning

  • Red
  • Yellow
  • Orange
  • Green
  • Blue
  • Purple
  • White
  • Black
• Touch


  A physical contact that can be used to communicate love, care, or comfort
• Non-verbal patterns


  • Power, dominance, superiority
  • Submission, apprehension, nervousness
  • Boredom or disinterest
  • Secretiveness and dishonesty
• Submission, apprehension, nervousness


  • Palm-up handshake
  • Hand-wringing
  • Fidgeting
  • Fingers clasped
  • Head down
  • Hands to face, groin, and hair
  • Minimum eye contact
  • Throat-clearing
  • Constant blinking
  • Whistling
  • Rubbing back of neck
  • Shifting from side to side
  • Slumping and crouching
• Boredom or disinterest


  • Lousy handshake
  • Shuffling papers
  • Cleaning fingernails
  • Minimal eye contact
  • Looking at door, watch, window
  • Playing with objects on desk
  • Picking at clothes
  • Doodling
  • Drumming table
  • Tapping feet
  • Head in palm of hand
  • Blank stare
  • Pen clicking
  • Foot-jiggling
  • Body angled away from speaker
  • Stretching
• Secretiveness and dishonesty


  • Touching nose while speaking
  • Tugging ear while speaking
  • Rubbing behind ear while speaking
  • Covering mouth while speaking
  • Scratching head
  • Shifting eyes
  • Tongue to side of mouth
  • Head down
  • Look of concern
  • Pulling neck
  • Fidgeting
  • Moving body away
• Evaluation


  • Hand gripping chin with index finger up
  • Slightly tilted head
  • Nodding
  • Slight blinking of eyes
  • Stroking chin
  • Raised eyebrow and head tilted back
  • Index fingers to lips
  • Squinting but with good eye contact
  • Pulling upper lip
  • Ear turned toward the speaker
  • Glasses in mouth
  • Body parallel to the speaker or turned toward the speaker
  • Casual tapping of the foot
• Honesty, confidence, and cooperation


  • Open hands, and palm toward another person
  • Lean forward in chair
  • Good eye contact
  • Legs uncrossed
  • Hands to chest
  • Coat open
  • Synchronized movement with the speaker
  • Spontaneous movements of hands, arms, and wrists
  • Sitting tall but not higher than others
  • Shrugging shoulders
• Anger, frustration, and defensiveness

  • Jerky movements
  • Closed fists and flexing hands
  • Hands inside the pockets
  • Scratching back of neck
  • Squinting eyes
  • Red skin
  • Piercing eye contact
  • Kicking at ground
  • Tense and rigid posture
  • Superficial smile with shaking heads sideways
• Building a connection with the audience enhances engagement, increases the speaker's credibility, helps tailor the message, creates a positive atmosphere, and encourages feedback. When the audience feels a connection with the speaker, they are more likely to pay attention, retain information, and respond positively to the message.
• Audience analysis


  A process of looking into the behavior, values, beliefs, or even the culture of the audience to know what and what not to say, how to say it, and when to say it
• Sample audience analysis worksheet

  • Age range
  • Male-female ratio
  • Educational background
  • Educational institution
  • Place of residence
  • Marital status
  • Economic status
  • Language spoken
  • Religious affiliations or beliefs
• Impromptu speech


  To be done without being planned, organized, or rehearsed in any way, shape, or form
• Characteristics of an impromptu speech

  • Limited to no preparation time (could be three minutes or less)
  • Short presentation time (two to seven minutes)
  • Points are organized spontaneously
• Past, present, future strategy

  1. Reflecting on the past related to the topic

  2. Describing the current situation in the present

  3. Sharing thoughts or predictions for the future
• Past, present, future strategy example

  • In the past, I was not comfortable doing impromptu speaking because I could not think right away of what to say maybe because of nervousness and limited preparation time. At present, however, I am enjoying it because I constantly practice and keep on participating in any speaking situation. In the future, I look forward to teaching others how to tackle impromptu speech situations.

  
• Past, present, future strategy example 2

  • In the past, we used to think that the earth's resources were unlimited and that we could use them as much as we wanted. We did not realize the impact that our actions would have on the environment. Nowadays, we are more aware of the environmental issues we face. We see the effects of climate change, pollution, and deforestation on a daily basis. We are taking steps to reduce our carbon footprint and protect the planet for future generations. Looking to the future, we must continue to take actions to protect the environment. We need to find new and innovative ways to reduce waste, improve sustainability, and protect our planet. We must work together as a global community to tackle these challenges and ensure a healthy and sustainable future for all.
• Point-Reason-Example/Explanation-Point (PREP) strategy


  1. Making a clear point

  2. Providing a reason

  3. Giving an example or explanation

  4. Restating the point to summarize the key ideas
• Point-Reason-Example/Explanation-Point (PREP) strategy example 1

  • Social media has changed the way we communicate and interact with others. This is important because it affects our relationships, our mental health, and even our job prospects. For example, social media can lead to feelings of isolation, anxiety, and depression, and it can also be a source of misinformation and cyberbullying. On the other hand, it can also be a powerful tool for networking, promoting your brand, and staying connected with friends and family. In conclusion, while social media has both positive and negative aspects, it is clear that it has had a significant impact on our lives and it is important that we use it responsibly and mindfully.
• Point-Reason-Example/Explanation-Point (PREP) strategy example 2

  • Renewable energy is the future of our planet. This is because it helps reduce carbon emissions, combat climate change, and protect the environment. For example, wind turbines and solar panels are two forms of renewable energy that have become increasingly popular in recent years. They harness the power of the wind and sun to generate electricity, without relying on fossil fuels. This not only reduces our carbon footprint, but also reduces our dependence on non-renewable resources. In conclusion, the use of renewable energy is crucial for the sustainability of our planet. By reducing our reliance on non-renewable resources, we can help create a more sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.
• Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher strategy

  1. Starting with a strong opening

  2. Providing three supporting details or information

  3. Ending with a clincher that leaves a lasting impression on the audience
• Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher strategy example 1

  • Did you know that exercise is not just good for your physical health, but also your mental health? There are three key benefits of exercise. Firstly, it can help reduce stress and anxiety, providing a natural and healthy way to boost your mood. Secondly, it can improve your overall physical health by reducing your risk of heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. And thirdly, it can help you to sleep better and improve your overall quality of life. So, whether you enjoy running, cycling, or just taking a simple walk in nature, make sure to take some time out of your day to exercise. Your body and mind will thank you for it!
• Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher strategy example 2

  • When was the last time you took some time to focus on yourself and your needs? There are three key reasons why self-care is important. Firstly, it can improve your physical health by reducing your risk of illness, disease, and burnout. Secondly, it can improve your mental health by reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. And thirdly, it can improve your relationships by allowing you to show up as your best self and care for others more effectively. So, whether you take a bubble bath, go for a walk in nature, or simply take a few deep breaths, make sure to prioritize self-care in your life. You deserve it!
• Bridging strategy


  1. Acknowledging the current topic or question

  2. Providing a brief response or comment

  3. Connecting it to a related topic or question