PE - Socio Cultural Questions

• Label the different activities that the Upper & Lower class took part in due to social class


  Upper class -

  owned land

  real tennis

  pedestrianism - bets placed

  fox hunting

  
  

  Lower class -

  worked manually, no free time

  mob football

  pedestrianism - competed
• Label the different activities that the Upper & Lower class took part in due to Gender


  Upper & Lower -

  both saw women as weaker sex

  women didn't take part in strenuous games

  
  

  Upper -

  Archery

  
  

  Lower -

  Smock races
• Label the different activities that the Upper & Lower class took part in due to law and order


  Upper & Lower -

  few laws, no order

  
  

  Lower -

  bare knuckle fighting - no order

  mob football - no rules
• Label the different activities that the Upper & Lower class took part in due to education


  Upper -

  educated, literate

  could read and write - real tennis had rules

  
  

  Lower -

  uneducated, illiterate

  could understand games with few rules - mob football
• Label the different activities that the Upper & Lower class took part in due to time availability


  Upper -

  Had time

  Fox hunting

  
  

  Lower -

  worked long exhausting hours

  little time, energy

  had drinking contests
• Label the different activities that the Upper & Lower class took part in due to money availability


  Upper -

  had money

  could afford horses, equipment

  
  

  Lower -

  had no money for activities
• Label the different activities that the Upper & Lower class took part in due to transport types


  Upper & Lower -

  Activities were local, horse and cart were only transport

  
  

  Upper -

  Could travel by horse and cart, roads not made so limited

  could get to real tennis courts

  
  

  Lower -

  roads in poor state, couldn't leave villages
• Post-industrial britain

  
  

  How did social class change

  There was now a middle class. These were professionals, factory workers and managers who were not born into money. Middle class citizens went to public schools where rugby and football developed
• Define Amateurism, what sports did they play

  Were not paid, often middle and upper class.
• Define Professionalism


  Paid to play the sport.
• Cricket in Amateurism & Professionalism

  Played on same team but social distinction meant they had separate changing rooms and lower-class bowled and cleaned kit.
• How was gender affected post 1850


  early 19th century, women expected to bare children and so education not considered

  - women could become teachers but at a very low pay

  
  

  late 19th century, high mortality rate of men due to war, reduced rates of marriage

  - equal rights emerged, had positive effects rate of women attending school and playing sport
• How did the law change post 1850

  As law increased,

  Lower class blood sports decreased (e.g cock fighting)

  Upper class held onto blood sports (fox hunting)

  
  

  Laws were made by the upper class, to benefit the upper class
• How did education change post 1850


  Working class had no interest in education

  child labour still popular

  1891 education act made education free

  meant they could understand more sophisticated rules and therefore the spread of sport increased.
• What changes in time and money were seen post 1850 Britain


  leisure time increased massively after introduction of Saturday Half-days however working class still had a lack of disposable income.

  people often worked 72 hour weeks - leaving little time and energy.

  living conditions were poor and deprived - few sporting clubs

  by 1965 - working weeks were 40 hours

  factory owners found happy workforces were more productive so took them on excursions to the beach

  4 weeks holiday every year now
• what changes were seen to transport post 1850

  railways meant national travel for those wealthy enough

  cars were mass produced in the 20th century
• What influence did public schools have?

  Promoted organisation in modern sports - sports, like society, was originally disorganised. Bullying of young boys in school was massive.

  mid 19th century, sport became important element.

  
  

  Promotion of ethics - Thomas Arnold

  revised fagging system and made regulated sports compulsory to encourage healthy competition.

  Also made house system, to encourage formation of healthy teams

  Also made prefects who organised the sports
• What did Thomas Arnold do

  He introduced the idea of fair play and sport. He introduced the house system and prefects to encourage healthy competition and formation of teams
• What is the cult of athleticism?

  a combination of physical endeavour, or tyring hard, and moral integrity, or being honourable, truthful and showing good sportsmanship.
• How did social class participation change in the 20th century

  horse racing - lower class took part/upper and middle placed bets

  cricket - middle and upper worked on same side

  sport formed troop morale in WW1

  spectatorism hit new heights
• How did gender participation change in the 20th century

  women participation dropped in 1900

  crowds were male dominated
• How did law change participation in the 20th century

  fields of play were enclosed and there were written codes

  everything was regulated

  sport was held on Saturdays

  spectatorism emerged

  sports press developed
• How did education change participation in the 20th century

  all education curriculums involved physical education
• How did time & money change participation in the 20th century

  gradual increase in time and money = more male participation

  money meant darts and dominoes were popular in pubs

  space was still restricted as land was heavily used.
• How did transport change participation in the 20th century


  public & private transport was heavily available

  late 1940s - radio coverage of sport emerged

  1948 London olympics led to boost in tourism and economy
• How did social class change participation in the 21st century

  sport is still associated with higher class

  football is heavily mixed

  golf/polo still upper class

  social mobility can now be achieved through sport
• How does amateurism/professionalism change in the 21st century

  social class effects if you are A or P

  Cricket/Rugby - amateurs are middle class

  Football - professionals are working class
• How does gender change participation in the 21st century

  more men than women still participate

  sport is still seen as unfeminine

  however more women are getting involved by the day

  more female presenters=more female role models
• How does the law change participation in the 21st century


  rights of athletes and spectators now protected by law

  banning orders are used against disruptive fans

  laws prevent discrimination
• How does education change participation in the 21st century

  children aged 5-16 must have an education

  can get extended qualifications in sport

  universities offer wide range of PE degrees
• How does time money and transport change participation in the 21st century

  society is highly technological

  flexible working conditions have increased leisure time

  global recession means less money is going into the sport=less participation
• What is the globalisation of sport

  International sport is simply a big business, featuring media coverage, participants freedom of movement and officials and spectators.
• When, where & by whom was the first olympics established

  In 1896, by baron Pierre de Coubertin in Athens
• What are the aims of the Olympic Games ?


  To promote the development of the physical and moral qualities of sport

  
  

  To bring together the best athletes of the world every 4 years

  
  

  educating young people, creating a better understanding of others, and therefore a peaceful world

  
  

  to allow fair play, devoid of politics

  
  

  spreading goodwill across nations
• What is the IOC?

  International Olympic Committee
• What are the values of the Olympic Games?

  Promoted by the IOC

  
  

  Preserve dignity - anyone can take part devoid of discrimination

  
  

  Citius,Altius, Fortius - motto - faster higher stronger
• Describe the role of the IOC

  Created 2 years before the modern olympics.

  
  

  In charge of selecting host cities for summer and winter games.

  
  

  Not funded by the government
• Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of hosting the olympics on sport itself

  P - profile of the sport increases BUT not all sports are held equally at the olympics

  
  

  R - role models are created, exposure of sport increases BUT can lead to deviancy is athletes are not true to the rules

  
  

  O - Organised with more access to clubs BUT not all clubs are equal access

  
  

  F - world class facilities can be used by up and coming athletes post olympics BUT some facilities cost a lot to build then do not get used after

  
  

  F - Funding and sponsorship increases BUT if the sport is unsuccessful funding is withdrawn

  
  

  S - sport can become more professional with more money invested BUT this goes against the olympics original morals of the olympics being for enjoyment
• What are the effects of hosting a major games on society

  S - creates social integration and bring people together to watch sport BUT people believe too much is spent on the games

  
  

  P - participation increases and society gets healthier BUT a lot of people choose only to watch

  
  

  E - employment / jobs creates through the games e.g steward BUT these jobs are not sustained and end after

  
  

  N - National pride which makes people feel good BUT it can lead to hooliganism and racism.

  
  

  T - transport links are improved during the games BUT this lead to pollution and congestion

  
  

  T - tourism increases BUT this can lead to terrorism
• Name 2 examples of when the olympics was used for political exploitation

  Berlin 1936 - Third Reich Ideology - Hitler used the games to stage his propaganda - Refused to put medal on Jesse-owens after he won against Germany in the long jump

  
  

  Mexico City 1968 - "Black power' demonstration - two African medalists used the award ceremony to protest the lack of civil rights in the USA by raising black gloved fists