URT

• name the two surgical techniques to correct stenotic nares

  wedge-resection and an alar fold resection
• name the two surgical methods to correct and long and hypertrophic soft palette

  spatial staphylectomy and folded-flap palatoplasty
• how would you repair everted laryngeal saccules

  excision / cut them out
• laryngeal paralysis causes a significant obstruction of the airway, owners won't always know when it came on and it often presents late in the course of the disease. Clinical signs include: stridor, cough, dyspnoea, change in phonation, exercise intolerance, open-mouthed breathing, increased abdominal effort and collapse.
• To diagnose laryngeal paralysis, anaesthetise the animal and perform a laryngoscopy, you won't see adduction and abduction of the larynx. Paradoxical adduction can occur (due to the drop in air pressure) so it is important to know when the dog is moving in and out to better identify normal laryngeal movement. You can also survey inflated radiographs of the thorax, perform a neurological examination as well as routine haematology and blood biochemistries.
• what IV drug can be used in emergency medical management of laryngeal paralysis?

  corticosteroids
• Tracheal collapse generally refers to a condition of excessive collapsibility of the trachea which usually results in dorsoventral flattening of the tracheal lumen. Clinical signs include a classic ‘goose-honk’ cough which can be brought on by pulling on the collar & lead, exercising or just anything that makes the dog cough. This can be diagnosed via radiography or endoscopy in conjunct with the clinical signs
• what is the medical management for tracheal collapse?

  antitussives, inhalation corticosteroids and inhaled bronchodilators
• what two surgical techniques can be used to treat tracheal collapse that is not responding to medical management?

  open ring prosthesis and stenting