Gender

• Sex

  biological factors
• Gender

  Social +psychological characteristics
• Gender role

  culturally determined male or female behaviours
• Gender identity

  Personal perception of oneself as male or female
• Sex role sterotypes

  prejudice society holds against men + women
• Bems sex role inventory

  20 female, male + neutral characteristics, pp had to rate themselves on a scale of 1-7 of how much they feel they relate to the characteristic
• Culture

  Rules, custom, morals and ways of interacting that binds together members of a society
• Cross cultural studies help us to decide whether it's biology or socialisation which determines gender roles. it was found that biology cannot be the main factor as gender roles change within society so it must have something to do with socialisation
• Pairs of chromosomes

  23 pairs
• After 6 weeks sexual differentiation occurs (Boys) 


  SRY gene from the Y chromosome causes testosterone leading to the development of the penis and changes within the brain
• After 6 weeks sexual differentiation occurs (Girls)

  development of ovaries which is governed by oestrogen causes development of uterus,vagina and changes within the brain
• Oxytocin

  known as the love hormone - it stimulates lactation and dampens the fight or flight response in favour of tend and befriend
• Turners syndrome

  xo chromosomes affects women causes short stature, no menstruation and poor breast development
• Klinefelters syndrome

  xxy chromosomes causes a tall stature, breast development, smaller penis and a lower IQ
• Social learning theory

  learning indirectly through observations that have been observed by people you identify with (role models)
• Vicarious reinforcement

  seeing someone being rewarded for behaviour so repeated behaviour to get similar results
• live role models

  parents and siblings
• virtual role models


  tv show characters
• Kohlberg's theory

  Understanding gender development 1. Gender identity, 2-3 based on external 2. gender stability, 4-6 recognise their gender is consistent but cannot apply to others 3. gender consistency, 6-7 realises gender was consistent and cannot change
• Ken doll experiment

  children were shown pictures of different kens, some in dresses. They answered the questions if the kens were girls or boys
• Psychodynamic approach

  gender identity develops through the resolution of either the oedipus complex (boys) and electra complex (girls)
• Psychosexual stages of development

  Oral 0-1, anal 1-3, phallic 3-6, latency 6-12, genital puberty onwards
• gender schema theory

  children concentrate on observing their in group (their gender) and learning their behaviours + avoiding the opposite group (out group)
• Androgynous

  both male and female characteristics