ELECTIVE MIDTERM

• • In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan, rather than the expedition chaplain, Juan de Valderama takes the initiative of preaching and having Cebuanos baptized. • Probably this might be a consequence of Alexander’s bull delegating the Spanish monarch as his representative in the colonies
• Alexander VI’s Papal Bull • Inter caetera was decidedly medieval in its concept of Papal power. It worked with the following syllogism: • All authority, spiritual and temporal, was given to Peter by Jesus, the Lord. • Peter’s successor in office, the Pope, inherited that authority. • The Pope by his own power can delegate that authority to others, which is what Alexander VI did when he delegated authority to the Spanish monarch, Ferdinand and Isabel and to their descendants.
• Pre-Hispanic Filipino Religion • Early Spanish attitude to non-Catholic religion judges it as the devil’s work. • Because animists worship the devil, their likha, images of ancestral and nature spirits (anito) have to be destroyed. • Later friar writers learn more about indigenous culture and present Fil
• Missionary sources on Filipino religions distinguish between the animists and the Muslim
• Better data on indigenous religions are found in Juan de Plasencia, OFM, Costumbres de los Tagalos
• • Ignacio Alzina, SJ, Historia de las islas e indios Visayas (Vol. 3)
• Archaeological finds are associated with death, found buried underground or in caves and hill sides considered sacred
• 895-77 BCE: Manunggul Jar: Manunggul cave, Palawan
• 5 BCE – 225 CE: Maitum Anthropomorphic Jars: Maitum, Saranggani
• 14th cent BCE: Banton Cloth: Grave goods in Banton Is, Romblon
• Cordillera Fire Mummies: In caves in Bontoc
• • Batanes boat shaped burials: On hiillsides
• Trade pottery from China and SEAsia • Beads, also from trade as far as Egypt
• Beginnings of Evangelization • Although Magellan had Cebuanos baptized with their chieftain and leaders, the Catholic Faith does not take root deeply.
• • 1565: Cebuanos resist Miguel Lopez de Legazpi’s attempt to land in Cebu. Bombardment from the Spanish ships and the burning of the Cebuanos balay of timber, bamboo and thatch make them capitulate.
• • Legazpi brings Augustinian friars
• The discovery of the image of the Sto. Niño inside a box by the Basque soldier, Juan Camus, assured Legazpi and his companions that Cebu’s conquista was blessed by God
• conquista was blessed by God. • The Sto. Niño is turned over to the Augustinians who build a church of local material as well as a residence for the first priory (friary) of Augustinians.
• From 1565 to 1583, structures built by Spaniards use materials and techniques of vernacular architecture.
• Carlos I • Carlos I of Spain also Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. • Carlos belonged to the Hapsburg Dynasty of German origin but whose monarchs ruled the Iberian Peninsula, Southern Italy and Sicily (Dos Sicilias), the Netherlands, Flanders (Belgium) and Eastern Europe
• Sinulog • Celebrating the feast of the Santo Niño on the third Sunday in January, devotees dance the Sinulog.
• Finding the Santo Niño • The Basque soldier, Juan Camus, finds the Sto. Niño
• • Sinulog from “sulug” or “sug” = water current.
• Religious Orders in Ph • Following the preference of Carlos I to send religious orders to the missions rather than secular clergy, the Augustinians are followed by members of other religious orders
• They arrived as travel companions (barcada, from Sp barco = ship, boat). The Franciscans assigned barcada numbers to those that crossed the Pacific to Manila.
• Augustinians, arrival 1565 • 1565: Augustinians arrive with Legazpi. They establish the first church and priory in Cebu named Santissimo Nombre de Jesús, in honor of the Sto. Niño. From Cebu, Augustinians establish missions in the whole island in subsequent years.
• They expand to Mactan and Camotes Islands. • They follow the Spaniards as they travel north in search of a better site for a capital, which had a g
• They expand to Mactan and Camotes Islands. • They follow the Spaniards as they travel north in search of a better site for a capital, which had a good harbor and abundant supply of grain.
• 1569: Legazpi transfers the capital to Pan-ay on the island of Panay. Augustinians follow and establish mission stations in Iloilo and Capiz.
• 1571: After hearing reports of a good harbor, discovered on an exploratory mission by Juan de Salcedo, Legazpi’s nephew, the Spaniards move to Manila. There the Augustinians found their second priory, popularly known as San Agustín, along Calle Real.
• As the sole missionary group in Luzon for more than a decade, the Augustinians fan out north to south in their apostolic endeavors. • In the south, they establish missions stations in Malate, Las Piñas and Batangas
• Outside Intramuros, they establish stations in Tondo, Malabon and Mandaluyong. • In the north, they establish stations in provinces of Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Pangasinan and the Ilocos all the way up to Ilocos Norte. NB: Tarlac is a late creation and was carved out of villages of Pampanga and Pangasinan
• Franciscans arrival


  1578
• Franciscans


  • Do not establish schools and universities as the Jesuits and Dominican do
  • Their apostolic effort is toward missions and parishes
• The Franciscans pioneered in the study of Tagalog and published Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala, the works of Pedro de San Buenaventura, printed in the Franciscan press at Pila, Laguna
• To the Franciscans is attributed the introduction of the popular devotions of the Via Crucis or Stations of the Cross and the Christmas creche
• The Via Crucis or Stations of the Cross originated in the Holy Land where pilgrims walked the Via Dolorosa. Franciscans spread the devotion.
• As custodians of the Holy Land, the Franciscans are the only authorized group that blessed a new Via
• The creche or Belén is an original creation by St. Francis of Assis
• San Buenaventura, Vocabulario, 1613 • Pedro San Buenaventura published this Tagalog — Spanish di