HPED

• Metaphysics - Study of reality and existence
• Epistemology - study of knowledge and how it’s acquired
• Axiology - study of values, ethics, aesthetics
• Major Philosophies in Education

  • idealism
  • Realism
  • Pragmatism
  • Existentialism
• Principles of Educational Philosophies

  • Perennialism
  • Essentialism
  • Progressivism
  • Constructivism
  • Reconstructionism
• Idealism in Education - emphasis on mind, ideas, and truth
• Pragmatism in Education - practicality, experience, problem solving
• Existentialism in Education - individuality, freedom, personal experience
• Realism - external reality independent of mind
• Perennialism - emphasis on timeless, enduring truths
• Essentialism - core knowledge, and skills are essential
• Progressivism - education as a means of societal progress
• Constructivism - knowledge constructed by learners
• Reconstructionism - education as a tool for societal change
• Philosophia = philo "love" and sophia "wisdom"
• Philosophy = the study of anything

  Studies that had strong empirical elements came to be considered science - as search for answers

  But philosophy came to be understood more as a way of thinking about questions 

  250 years of ancient greek
• What is the difference between science and philosophy?

  Studies that searched for answers by using observation and experiments became known as science whereas philosophy came to be understood more as a way of thinking about big questions.
• Value Theory:

  Ethics and Aesthetics
• Ethics - studies and evaluates human conduct
• Aesthetics - studies the nature of beauty
• Metaphysics - How to understand the fundamental nature of the world, the universe, and being. It asks questions like, is there a God? Do I have a soul?
• Epistemology - How do I know I am right? How can I be certain about anything? Is the world really what I think I see and perceive? How can I KNOW something?
• Aesthetics - What can be considered objectively beautiful, not just one's opinion on what beauty is.
• Ethics - How should humans live with each other, and do I have obligations to myself and others?
• Logic = philosopher’s toolbox
• Logic is about reasoning, giving strong arguments that do not fall to fallacy.
• Fallacy = a failure of reasoning or flawed reasoning that leads to an invalid or unsound argument
• STEPS:

  Step 1: try to understand

  • principle of charity

  Step 2: critical evaluation

  • Try to understand an idea and and give it the benefit of the doubt the best that you can. AND Critically evaluate your own understanding of an idea and try to knock down what you think you know about a particular view of the world.
• Principle of charity = always try to understand the strongest, most persuasive version of an argument
• Tripartite soul - rational | logical, spirited | emotional, and appetitive | physical desires
• Rational | logical = seeks truth and is swayed by facts and arguments
• Spirited | emotional = how feelings fuel your actions
• Appetitive | physical desires = drives you to eat, have sex, and protect yourself
• Species of arguments

  • Deductive = general to specific; entailment, validity, validity is not equal to truth
  • Inductive = specific to general
  • Abductive = begins with an incomplete set of observations and proceeds to the likeliest possible explanation for the set.
  • Argument by analogy = to argue that because two things are similar, what is true of one is also true of the other
  • Rectio Ad Absurdum = attempts to establish a claim by showing that the opposite scenario would lead to absurdity or contradiction
• Abduction drawing a conclusion based on the explanation that best explains a state of events, rather than from evidence provided by the premises
• Interlocutors: people participating in a dialogue, debate, or conversation
• Counterargument: an argument presented to oppose or refute another argument
• SOCRATIC METHOD: learning through a dialectic exchange of ideas, rather than a passive transmission of information.
• More traditional:

  Essentialism

  Perennialism

  More progressive:

  Progressivism

  Social reconstructivism

  Existentialism