UNIT 2

• etymology of education comes from = "educare" and "educere"
• educare – which means ‘to train or mold'
• educere – which means ‘to lead out'
• LEARNING APPROACHES:

  • Behaviorist Approach
  • Cognitive Approach
  • Humanist Approach
• Behaviorist approach

  • Focuses on observable behaviors and the influence of rewards and punishments
  • Use positive reinforcement to encourage desired behaviors
  • E.g. praises, incentives, awards
• Cognitive approach

  • Emphasizes mental processes like memory, problem solving, and critical thinking
  • Design activities that promote active engagement and encourage deeper understanding
  • E.g. strategies that focuses on memory
• Humanist approach

  • Prioritizes individual growth, self directed learning and fulfilling one’s potential
  • Create a supportive and learner-centered environment that nurtures students’ intrinsic motivation
• Societal Influences on instruction

  • Behaviorism - preparing students with specific skills demanded by the workforce (reminds the power of incentives and consequences in shaping the behavior)
  • Cognitive approach - equipping students with the ability to process and analyze abundant information (highlight the importance of mental processes in understanding and problem solving)
  • Humanist approach - nurturing creativity and adaptability in a rapidly changing world (nurturing each student in terms of their unique path to self-discovery and self realization)
• Linking Approaches to Instruction

  • Understanding different approaches enriches our teaching toolkit
  • Synthesizing these insight allows tailored teaching methods for diverse learning aspects
• Pre-20th Century Theories:

  • Educators like Pestalozzi (child-centered approach), Dewey (experiential learning), and Montessori (self-directed exploration) laid the foundation for modern education
  • Pre-20th century theories aligned with the needs of an industrializing world
• Modern Theories:

  • Piaget’s stages of cognitive development and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasize social interaction
  • Modern theories adapted to address the challenges of an information-driven society 
• Contemporary Theories:

  • Constructivism and connectivism highlight the role of technology and collaborative learning
  • Contemporary theories respond to the digital age, emphasizing connectivity and lifelong learning
• Learning Styles - Individual approaches to processing, understanding and retaining information
• VISUAL LEARNING STYLE

  • Prefer visual aids such as diagrams charts and images
  • Characteristics: strong visual memory, quick understanding of visuals, benefit from color-coded materials
• AUDITORY 

  • Learn best through listening and verbal communication
  • Characteristics: excel in discussions, lectures, and audio-based learning materials
• KINESTHETIC

  • Thrive through hands-on experiences and physical engagement
  • Characteristics: benefit from interactive activities, simulations, and experiential learning
• MULTIMODAL

  • Combine aspects of visual auditory and kinesthetic styles
  • Importance of recognizing and respecting individual differences 
• 4 Learning styles

  1. Visual Learning Style
  2. Auditory Learning Style
  3. Kinesthetic Learning Style
  4. Multimodal Learning Style
• Teaching Styles:

  • direct instruction
  • collaborative learning
  • inquiry-based learning
  • flipped-classroom approach
  • blended learning
• Direct instruction

  • Teacher-centered approach with structured content delivery
  • Suitable for introducing new concepts, explaining complex topics, and standardizing learning outcomes
• Collaborative learning

  • Student-centered approach emphasizing group activities and discussions
  • Benefits: active engagement, social interaction, development of teamwork skill
• Inquiry-based learning

  • Promotes critical thinking and problem-solving through open-ended questions
  • Encourages students to explore topics, conduct research and draw conclusions
• Flipped-classroom approach

  • Reverses traditional learning by delivering content outside class and using class time for application and discussion
  • Allows for personalized learning, deeper understanding and interaction
• Blended learning

  • Combines traditional classroom instructions with online resources
  • Flexibility in content delivery, accommodates diverse learning preferences
• Challenges and considerations in learning styles

  • Address challenges of matching every student’s learning styles
  • Value of variety and flexibility in teaching methods
• Models of Classroom

  • exploring classroom model
  • constructivist model
  • inquiry-based model
  • cooperative model
• CONSTRUCTIVIST - Engage students in creating a project that integrates various subjects

  INQUIRY-BASED - guide students in researching a topic of personal interest, promoting self-directed learning

  COOPERATIVE - organize group activities that encourage peer learning and diverse perspective
• 1. EXPLORING CLASSROOM MODEL

  • Constructivist model: students actively build knowledge through hands-on experiences and real-world applications
  • Inquiry-based model: encourage curiosity and exploration through open-ended question and research
  • Cooperative model: foster teamwork and collaborative problem solving, preparing students for group dynamics in various settings
• 2. CONSTRUCTIVIST MODEL

  • Constructivist Model Overview:
  • Rooted in active knowledge construction through personal experience, foring hte basis of effective learning methods.
  • Principles of Constructivism
  • Understanding is built by linking new information to existing knowledge, fostering hands-on learning experiences for independent concept exploration
  • Examples of Constructivist Activities:
  • Engaging activities encompass problem-solving, simulations, and project-based learning, nurturing critical thinking, creativity, and collaborative skills.
• 3. INQUIRY-BASED MODEL

  • Inquiry-Based Model Fundamentals:
  • Centers on nurturing curiosity and prompting students to pose questions.
  • Characteristics of Inquiry-Based Learning:
  • This approach encourages students to formulate significant questions, explore topics, and construct explanations, it propels self-driven learning and hones skills like critical thinking and information literacy.
  • Sample Structures for Inquiry-Based Lessons
  • Typical inquiry-based lesson initiates with a thought-provoking question, followed by research, analysis, and synthesis of findings.
• 4. COOPERATIVE MODEL

  • Cooperative Model Essentials:
  • Accentuates collaborative learning, uniting students in pursuit of common objectives. It fosters teamwork, communication prowess, and cultivates a sense of community within the classroom
  • Principles of Cooperative Learning:
  • Encompasses collaborative projects, discussions, and peer teaching. 
  • Advantages of Collaborative Environments
  • Amplifies interpersonal skills, idea-sharing and conflict resolution within teams.
  • Cultivating Cooperation in Diverse Classroom:
  • This approach is adaptable to classrooms of all sizes