Development Dynamics

• how is the human development index on a developing country?

  low human development index
• how is the human development index on a emerging country?

  medium to high human development index
• how is the human development index on a devoped country?

  high human development index
• how would a pyramid for a developing country look like?

  wide base as there's a lot of children being born than older people. the wide base rapidly narrows

  
• how would a pyramid for a emerging country look like?

  -fertility rates fall rapidly as women a more equal place in society and a better education

  -use of contraception increases and women work instead of having children

  healthcare improve meaning life expectancy increases

  -more people of working age and there is a lower proportion of children

  -base of the pyramid starts of as narrow and the top starts to widen

  
• how would a pyramid of developed country look like?

  -fertility rates are low because people want possesions and a high quality of life and may have dependent family relatives, so there is less money available for havig children

  -healthcare is good, death rate is low and life expectancy is high

  meaning lots of people and proportion of children decreases

  top of pyramid-wide further

  base-narrower

  middle-bulges

  
• how does climate effect global inequality ?

  if a country has a poor climate (really hot, cold, dry) not ,much will grow

  reducing the amount of food produced leading to malnutrition- >malnourished people -> low quality of life

  -people will have fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services -> reducing the quality of life
• how does topography (shape of land) effect global inequality?

  if the land in a country is steep, then it won't produce food. Steepland can make it difficult to develop infrastructure (e.g roads). This can limit trade and make it hard to provide basc services
• how does education effect global inequality?

  educated people produces more skilled workforce, meaning that the country can produce more goods and offer more services (eg ICT). This can bring money into the country through trade or investment

  -educated people -> earn more so pay more taxes, providing more money that country can spend on devlopment
• how does health effect global inequality?

  some POORER countries, lack clean water and poor healthcare meaning that many people suffer from diseases such as cholera and malaria

  -people who are ill are less able to work, so may contribute less to the economy and may also need expensive medicine or healthcare

  -lower economic contribution and higher spending on healthcare mean that there's less money available to spend on development
• how does colonialism effect global inequality?

  countries that were colonised (ruled by foreign countries) are often lower level of development when they gain independence than they would if they had not been colonised

  -European countries colonised Africa. They controlled the econmies of their colonies, removed all raw material and slaves, and sold back as expensive manufactured goods, which led to parts of Africa being dependent on Europe and led to famine and malnutrition
• how does neo-colonialism effect global inequality?

  after colonies gain their independence richer countries continue to control them indirectly

  -some TNCs exploit the cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countries

  -international organisations sometimes offer conditional loans which mean poorer countries have to develop in the ways their donor wants them to
• how does economic and political factors effect globa inequality?

  authoritarian govrnment can put devlopment policies in place without worring about anyone STOPPING them

  -can be good : eg) China's rapid growth

  -can be bad : eg) Cuba's economic crash

  Development under democartic goverments is usually less extreme-difference intrest groups prevent either HUGE GROWTH or ECONOMIC COLLAPSE

  corrupt government may hinder devlopment e.g). by taking money that'sintended to for building new infrastructure or improving facilities for people
• benefits of a country having good international relations?

  more likely to get good trade agreement

  get loans from international organisations to invest in development projects
• What is meant when a country is in the 5th quintile?

  have 70.1% of the world's wealth
• what is meant when a country is in the 1st quintile?

  have 1.0% of the world's wealth
• how does global inequality effect education?

  poorer countries can't afford to invest as much in education as richer countries

  poorer people may not be able to afford school fees or children may have to work to support their families instead of attending school

  lack of education means people can't get access to better paid, skilled jobs in the futured, so the cycle of poverty continues
• how does global inequality effect health?


  people in devloping countries are at a higher risk for many diseases than people in developed countries leading to lower life expectances.

  infacnt mortality is also much higher in developng countries

  poorer countries find it harder to get quality healthcare and healthy food
• how does global inequality effect politics ?

  inequality can increase political instability, crime and discontent in poorer countriesmeaning civil wars and more likely in developing countries.Conflictcan increase inequality-poverty increasesas money is spent on fighting rather than developmentdeveloping countries are often dependent on richer countries. This means they haveless influence over regional and global decisions
• what does economic devlopment lead to ?

  leads to more consumption of water and energy as people get wealthierputting pressure on scarce resources and can threaten ecosystems eg) as more land is built on
• what does industrialisation lead to ?

  leads to increased air, water and land pollution.The release of greenhouse gases enhances the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate changeWaste is dumped in landfill sites and untreated sewage, chemical waste and runoff from farmland ends up in river and lakes
• why is local pollution levels in developing countries high?


  many developed countries have factories in developing countries or buy goods that are produced there
• why might poorer countries be trapped in a cycle of environmental damage?

  if they can't afford fuel they have to convert firewood from their local environment- deforestation
• what does rostow modernisation theory suggest?


  it suggests how a country's economy changes from relying mostly on primary industry (agriculture) through secondary industry (manufacturiung goods) to teritary quaternary industry (e.g services and research )
• what is

  stage oneof rostow modernisation theory?traditional societysubsistence based (meaning main focus is on meeting the basic needs for survival )farming, fishing and forestry. Little trade
• what is

  stage twoof rostow modernisation theory?pre-conditions for take offmanufacturing starts to devlop.infrastructure is built e.g)roads, power, network. International tradung begins
• what is

  stage threeof rostow modernisation theory?take offrapid, intensive growth Large-scale industrialisationincreasing wealth
• what is

  stage fourof rostow modernisation theory?drive to maturityeconomy grows so people get wealthier.Standard of living riseWidespread use of technology
• what is

  stage fiveof rostow modernisation theory ?mass consumptionlots os tradegoods are mass producedpeople are wealthy so there are high level of consumption
• What is Frank's dependency theory?

  peripheral countries will stay poor and weak because of their dependence on core countries due to neo-colonialism-argues that the exploitation that started during the colonial period has continued -neo colonialism--The richer, former colonial countries countinue to dominate the trading system even though the colonised countries have gained independence-the richer countries continue to take advantage of the cheap raw materials and labour available in poorer countries.
• example of how a poorer countries can be trapped in poverty

  poorer countries have been encouraged to plant crops for export and produce primary products to sell cheaply to richer countries -they import manufactured goods at a higher cost from richer countries to provide for their own population. Trapping them, in poverty and making them dependent on the economy of core countries
• how do richer countries exploit poor countries?

  interfering in local politicsloaning them money with high rates of interest-> leading to large debts
• what is globalisation ?

  Globalisation is the process of allworld's sysems and culturesbecoming more intergrated- it's the wholeworld coming togetherin a single community
• why does globalisation happen?

  It happens because of themovement of money and people between countries,as well as businesses locating their operations and selling their products in more countries.
• why is globalisation increasing ?


  >>*Improvements in ICT*-->quicker & easier for businesses around the world to communicate>>*improvements in transport*-->more airports, HS trains and larger ships-->quicker & easier to communicate +for companies to get supplies and distribute their products around the world
• What Are TNC's? (Transnational Corporations)

  TNCs are companies thatproduce products, sells products or are located in more than one countryeg) sony - manufactures electronic products in China and Japan and sells many of them in Europe and USA
• how does TNCs increase globalisation?

  -linking together countriesthrough production and sale of goods-brings culturefrom their country of origin to many different countrieseg)mcdonald's brings western style fast food to other countries-TNCs also promote a culture of consumerism-people in devloping and emerging countries see all the products that are in developed countrieseg) mobile phones and TVs and want to have them too- making people's lifestyles more similar
• how do governments increase globalisation?


  1.Promoting free trade,which makes it easier to move goods, money and services between different countries (by reducing tarrifs)2.Competing to attract investment from TNCs,will bring jobs, increase income from taxes and promote economic growth in their countries3.Handing over services and industries to private companieseg) in the UK some rail services are now run by companies from Italy, Germany and France.
• why might a country benefit from globalisation ?

  -large, cheap workforces

  -governments open to foreign investment

  -less strict environments, labour and planning laws

  -lots of cheap raw materials

  -reasonable infrastructure

  -available land
• why might some people think globalisation increase global inequality

  free trade benefit richer countries- TNCs profits normally return to their headquaters, which are often in developed countries and poor countries can struggle to competericher countries benefit from freer movement of labour-skilled workers are attracted by higher wages in richer countries leading to brain drain in poorer countries