Case study : India

• describe the birth rates in india?


  birth rates in India are high
• why has death rates and infant mortality fallen?

  due to the better health care and health education eg).encouraging people to wash their handsthis mean india's population is rapidly increasing from about870 million in 1990 to 1.3 billion in 2015the majority of population are young about 28% are under 14.Life expectancy has increased from 58 in 1990 to 68 in 2014
• why is fertility rates beginning to fall?

  it has decreased from 4.0 in 1990 to 2.4in 2014, partly due to growth wealth and better education. so population rates are SLOWING down.
• why are urban areas growing?

  because migration and natural increase-in 1990, only 26% of the population lived in urban areas. By 2015 this had risen by 33%.-India already has four megcaites: New Delhi,Mumbai Kolkata and Bengaluru and is expected to have 3 more by 2030
• describe how rapid development has benefited rural areas?

  -the growth of manufacturing and services has benefitted urban areas more than rural areas.-more money is spent on these areas in order to attract more FDI and TNCs . The wealth geerated can then be spent on development projects improvingliteracy rates and quality of life.
• describe how rapid development has NOT benefited rural areas?

  rural states have higher rates of poverty. This has led to undernourishment and health problems beause people can't afford to buy enough food.

  Many children have to work rather than to attend school leading to low literacy rates. Poor health and education lead to low HDI score

  Older people are less likely to migrate to urban areas remaining in rural areas
• postive impacts of econmic development

  -all age groups have better health:elderly people are living longerlower infant mirtality ratelower maternal mortality ate-some age group have better educationhigher education has given young graduates access to better-paid jobs-many adults have better literacy-there can be better gender equalty :woman have better access to education-literacy rates for Indian women have increases from 34% in 1991 to 59% in 2011-women have better access to contracption snf family planning advice
• negative impacts of ecnomic development ?

  rapid industrialisation mean some people may have to do dangerous jobs.Working conditions may be poor due to lack of regulation put in place by Inidan authorities

  As young people move to urban areas to find work, there are fewer worker in the rurla villages. This means-Children in rural areas get poor education due to lack of skilled teachers- nearly 50% teachers have only completed secondary education.-Children may have to work as agricultural labourers to suport their families

  still a lot of gender inequalityit's unsafe for women in many urban areas. E.g)in Delhi, crimes against women increased by 20% from 2014-15-if men leave to find work in cities, some women may be left to care and provide for the entire household - balancing a hjb with housework
• how does economic developmet impact the environment?

  industrialisation leads to higher energy consumption.Increased demand for fossil fuels in industry, homes and vehices means more greenhouse gases are released contributing to climate change

  more factories and cars means more air pollution.The pollution is so bad in some citieseg) New Delhi, that a thick, toxic smog forms.Gases such as sulfur dioxide and smoke particles damage people's health and cause breathing problems and lung diseases.More than 0.5 million people in India die from diseases related to air pollution and lung disease

  Urban sprawl leads to land and water pollution- lack of infrastructure means that about 70% of India's sewage flows untreated into rivers

  Waste may not be correctly sorted and disposed of,e.g). dangerous contaminated waste from a factory in Kodaikanal was initially dumped instead of being disposed of safely
• India's relationship with the USA

  India used to have poor relationship with the USA but this has been improving

  The USA expects the econmmic development of India to increase trade, employment and econmic growth in both countries

  The USA also sees India as a huge market for renewable and nucleur energy becauae of the number of increasingly wealthy people and the growth of industry
• India's relationship with the EU


  India has good relations with the EU and they became strategic partners in 2004, agreeing to cooperate on certain issues

  India and the EU engagesd in negotions in free trade agreement in 2022. The EU is one of the biggest markets and trading partners

  The EU supports health and education programmes in india to promote continue devlopment
• costs if Inida's change in relations?

  there is increasing tension between India and China- both have rapidly growth econmies. Developed nations are also concerned about losing economic power as india grows
• benefits of India's change in relations?

  improved relations mean India can cooperate with other countries on global issues, eg) climate change, FDI brings econmic benefits to both India and the country of origin, and global trade agreements mean that political actions are more effective
• problems with TNCs

  environmental problems-the concern of local communities about the amount of water being etracted by coca cola bottting plants led to plant in Kerala and Veranasi being closed

  large global retail chains can offer cheap prices on goods-India street traders are concerned that this will destroyd their livelihoods as people chose to shop in supermarkets instead

  TNCs could withdraw their business from India at any time if the economic climate changes