Exam mid

• Iodine


  One of the oldest known germicides in use today
• Iodine preparations official in the USP

  • Iodine Tincture: 2% solution of iodine in 50% alcohol with NaI
  • Lugol's Solution/ Strong Iodine Solution: 5% iodine in water with KI
  • Iodine Solution: 2% iodine in water with NaI
• Inorganic iodide salts


  Present to solubilize the iodine and reduce its volatility
• Mechanism of action of iodine

  Probably acts to inactivate proteins by iodination of aromatic residues and oxidation
• Iodophors


  Complexes of iodine and non-ionic surfactants that retain the germicidal properties of iodine and also reduce its volatility and essentially remove its irritant properties
• Povidone-iodine


  Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-Iodine used as an aqueous solution for presurgical disinfection of the incision site, and to treat wounds and damage to the skin and effective for local bacterial and fungal infections
• Mechanism of action of chlorine-containing compounds

  Release of hypochlorous acid (HClO): chlorination of amide nitrogen atoms and oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in proteins
• Halazone


  Used to disinfect drinking water
• Chloroazodin


  Used to disinfect wounds, as packing for dental caries and for lavage and irrigation. A glyceryltriacetate solution is used as wound dressing
• Oxychlorosene sodium


  Used to treat localized infections to remove necrotic tissue from massive infections or radiation necrosis, to counteract odorous discharges, to act as an irritant, and to disinfect cysts and fistulas
• Cationic surfactants


  Quaternary ammonium compounds that ionize in water and exhibit surface-active properties
• Mechanism of action of cationic surfactants

  Adsorb onto surface of the bacterial cell, at which they cause lysis
• Factors that reduce the effectiveness of cationic surfactants


  Soaps and other anion detergents, tissue constituents, blood, serum, and pus
• Benzalkonium chloride


  Used as detergent, emulsifying agent and wetting agent. Used with sodium nitrate as a preservative
• Methylbenzethonium chloride


  Used specifically for the treatment of diaper rash in infants caused by Bacterium ammoniagenes (causes liberation of ammonia in decomposed urine)
• Cetylpyridinium chloride


  Used as a general antiseptic, available as throat lozenges and mouthwashes, FDA approved for the treatment of gingivitis
• Chlorhexedine gluconate


  Used as irrigation solution and as mouthwash, not absorbed through skin or mucous membrane and does not cause systemic toxicity
• Cationic dyes


  Active against gram-positive bacteria and many fungi, gram-negative bacteria are generally resistant
• Gentian violet


  Crystal violet, hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride, methyl violet, methyl-rosaniline chloride. Primary dye in gram-staining, available as vaginal suppositories for the treatment of yeast infections and as topical solutions for the treatment of cutaneous Candida albicans infections, used orally as an anthelmintic for strongyloides and oxyuriasis
• Basic fuchsin


  Ingredient of carbol-fuchsin solution (Castellani's paint), used topically in the treatment of fungal infections, such as ringworm and athlete's foot
• Methylene blue


  Antidote for cyanide poisoning, in high concentrations it promotes the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin, in low concentrations it is used to treat drug-induced methemoglobinemia, used for the treatment of cystitis and urethritis, bacteriostatic
• Mercurials


  Mechanism of action: reacts with SULFHYDRYL (- SH) groups in enzymes and other proteins, this is reversible by thiol-containing compounds such as CYSTEINE and DIMERCAPROL. Uses: antiseptic, disinfectant and preservatives

  
• Mercuric chloride


  Corrosive sublimate, HgCl2
• Mercurous chloride


  Calomel, Hg2Cl2
• Ammoniated mercury


  HgNH2Cl, white precipitate, used for skin infections
• Nitromersol


  Was once a very popular antiseptic for skin and ocular infections
• Thimerosal


  Merthiolate, old, weak bacteriostatic antiseptic that is applied topically in ointments or aqueous solutions
• Ideal characteristics of preservatives

  Effective at low concentrations against all possible microorganisms, nontoxic, compatible with other constituents used in the preparation, stable for the shelf-life of the preparation
• Parabens


  1. hydroxybenzoic acid, useful as preservative for liquid dosage forms, have ANTIFUNGAL properties, preservative effect tends to increase with molecular weight
• Methylparaben


  More effective against molds
• Propylparaben


  More effective against yeasts, more oil-soluble so it is preferred for oils and fats
• Chlorobutanol


  Employed as a bacteriostatic agent in pharmaceuticals for injection, ophthalmic use, and intranasal administration
• Benzyl alcohol


  Commonly used as preservative in vials of injectable drugs in concentrations of 1% to 4% in water or saline solution, has local anesthetic action
• Phenylethyl alcohol


  Occurs naturally in rose oil and pine-needle oil, used primarily in perfumery
• Benzoic acid


  Used externally as an antiseptic for lotions, ointments and mouthwashes, more effective as a preservative in foods and pharmaceutical products at low pH
• Sodium benzoate


  Used as preservative in acidic liquid preparations in which benzoic acid is released
• Sodium propionate


  Effective antifungal that is used as preservative
• Sorbic acid


  An effective antifungal preservative, used to preserve syrups, elixirs, ointments, and lotions containing components such as sugars that support mold growth
• Potassium sorbate


  Used the same way as sorbic acid
• Phenylmercuric nitrate


  Used to preserve injectable drugs but bacteriostatic efficacy is reduced in the presence of serum