Untitled

• Ego defense mechanisms


  • Repression
  • Displacement
  • Sublimation
  • Rationalization
  • Projection
  • Reaction formation
  • Denial
  • Regression
• Psychosexual stages


  • Oral stage
  • Anal stage
  • Phallic stage
  • Latency stage
  • Genital stage
• Major theoretical perspectives on personality

  • Trait perspective
  • Social cognitive
  • Psychoanalytic perspective
  • Humanistic perspective
• Psychodynamic


  Unconscious processes as they are manifested in the client's present behavior
• Neo-Freudians


  • Karen Horney
  • Alfred Alder
  • Carl Rodgers
  • Abraham Maslow
• Hans Eysenck's theory


  Focused on temperament—innate, genetically based personality differences. Viewed personality as largely governed by biology, with two specific personality dimensions: extroversion vs. introversion and neuroticism vs. stability
• Eysenck's personality types


  • Introverted-neurotic
  • Introverted-stable
  • Extraverted-neurotic
  • Extraverted-stable
• Robert McCrae, Paul Costa Jr.

  Factor 5 model of personality: Trait theory of personality that identifies the fundamental building blocks of personality as openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
• Behavior genetics


  The field that studies the effects of genes on behavior, using a basic research strategy of comparing differences among subjects with their genetic relatedness
• Evidence for genetic influence: Extraversion and neuroticism, twin studies
• The self concept


  Set of perceptions and beliefs held about self, begins in early life
• Social psychology


  Studies how thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by the individual presence of other people and the social and physical environment
• Social condition


  Training individuals in society to act or respond in a manner approved by society
• Social influence


  Individuals adapt their opinion, revise beliefs or change behavior because of other people
• Person perception


  Mental processes we use to form judgements about other people
• Social Categorization


  Mental process of categorizing people into groups on the basis of their characteristics
• Cognitive processes


  • Conscious processes (explicit cognition)
  • Unconscious or automatic processes (implicit cognition)
• Implicit personality theory


  Assumption that people share traits and behaviors
• Attractive people are perceived as more intelligent, happier and better adjusted. Beginning in infancy attractive people receive more attention and favorable treatment from other people
• Stereotypes


  Cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria
• Prejudice


  Negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group
• Hindsight bias


  Tendency to overestimate one's ability to foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event
• Diffusion of responsibility


  Occurs when people who need to make a decision wait for someone else to act instead
• Bystander effect


  Tendency for people to be less likely to offer help when other people are present
• Blaming the victim


  Tendency to blame an innocent victim by saying they should've taken steps to avoid or prevent the event
• Fundamental attribution error


  Tendency to attribute the behavior of others to characteristics while ignoring the role of external situational factors
• Self-Serving bias


  People tend to credit themselves for their successes (internal attributions) and blame their failures on external circumstances
• Self-Effacing bias


  Involves blaming failure on internal personal factors while attributing success to external situational factors
• Just world hypothesis


  Assumption that the world is fair and that, therefore, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
• Cognitive dissonance


  Uneasy feeling when your behaviors and attitude don't match up
• Attitude


  Learned tendency to evaluate objects, people or issues in a particular way
• Implicit attitudes


  Evaluations that are automatic, spontaneous, unintentional and often unconscious, can be changed
• Components of Attitudes


  • Affective
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive
• Attribution


  Refers to the process of explaining your own behavior and the behavior of other people
• In-group and Out-group


  • In-group: Social group to which one belongs ("Us")
  • Out-group: Social group to which one does not belong ("Them")
• Aggression


  Verbal or physical behavior intended to cause harm to other people
• Genetic predisposition toward aggression can help people to acquire or secure resources for themselves and for those who share their genes
• Cultures with income inequality have higher rates of aggression
• Obedience


  Behavior performed in direct response to the orders of an authority
• Compliance


  Adjusting opinions, judgment or behavior so it matches to somebody else