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• Jennifer Regan is an Instructor at the University of Southern Mississippi
• Andrew Russo is a Professor of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics at the University of Iowa
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• SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION is published by McGraw-Hill Education

  
• The book is copyrighted in 2016 and previous editions were published in 2013, 2010, and 2007
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• Skeletal system: bones and joints
• Opposition


  Movement unique to the thumb and little finger, where the tips are brought toward each other across the palm
• Reposition


  Returns the digits to the anatomical position
• Most movements are combinations of individual movements
• Sprain


  Forceful pulling apart of bones in a joint, resulting in ligament damage
• Separation


  Bones remain apart after injury to a joint
• Dislocation


  End of one bone pulled out of socket in ball-and-socket, ellipsoid, or pivot joint
• Hyperextension


  Abnormal, forced extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion
• Hyperextension can also be defined as the normal movement of a structure into the space posterior to the anatomical position
• Crawl stroke in swimming


  Combination of movements at the shoulder and elbow joints
• The most significant age-related changes in the skeletal system affect the joints and the quality and quantity of bone matrix
• Bone matrix in older bones

  More brittle due to decreased collagen production and relatively more mineral
• Bone mass


  Highest around age 30, men generally have denser bones than women due to testosterone and greater body weight
• Bone loss with aging

  0.3-0.5% per year after age 35, can increase 10-fold in women after menopause (3-5% per year for 5-7 years)
• Significant loss of bone increases the likelihood of osteoporosis
• Bone matrix


  The organic and inorganic components that make up bone
• Decreased collagen production in older bones

  Results in relatively more mineral and less collagen fibers, making the bone more brittle
• Decreased rate of matrix formation by osteoblasts compared to rate of matrix breakdown by osteoclasts with aging

  Decreases the amount of bone matrix
• Bone mass


  • Highest around age 30
  • Men generally have denser bones than women due to effects of testosterone and greater body weight
  • African-Americans and Latinos have higher bone masses than caucasians and Asians
• After age 35


  Both men and women experience a loss of bone of 0.3–0.5% a year
• Loss of bone increases after menopause in women


  They can lose bone mass at a rate of 3–5% a year for approximately 5–7 years
• Significant loss of bone

  Increases the likelihood of bone fractures
• Loss of trabeculae


  Greatly increases the risk of fractures of the vertebrae
• Loss of bone and resulting fractures

  Can cause deformity, loss of height, pain, and stiffness
• Loss of bone from the jaws


  Can lead to tooth loss
• Dislocated shoulder


  The shoulder joint is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body
• Reducing a dislocated shoulder

  Carefully pulling the humeral head laterally over the inferior lip of the glenoid cavity and then superiorly into the glenoid cavity
• Shoulder joint capsule stretched by a shoulder dislocation


  May predispose the shoulder joint to future dislocations
• Abduction


  Movement away from the median or midsagittal plane
• Adduction


  Movement toward the median plane
• Pronation


  Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down
• Supination


  Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces up